System, method and computer program product for utilizing market demand information for generating revenue

ABSTRACT

A system, method and computer program product are disclosed for risk management in a supply chain management framework. A supply chain manager is appointed for at least one buying supply chain participant. The supply chain manager is given authority to negotiate supply agreements for at least one good on behalf of the at least one buying supply chain participant. One or more supply agreements are entered into for the at least one good, wherein provisions of the supply agreement include: (i) pricing for each one good shall be based upon factors including an actual market price of at least one commodity when the supply chain manager has not established a commodity position price; and (ii) pricing for each one good shall be based upon factors including a commodity position price of at least one commodity when the supply chain manager has established a commodity position price. Periodically, a commodity position price is established through the supply chain manager.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to information storage andprocessing systems, and more particularly, relates to the management ofsupply chains using such systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Many types of manufacturing database management and inventorycontrol systems exist today. Each of these systems views the processfrom the narrow viewpoint of the goals of such a system. For example,inventory control processes tend to determine when the inventory of anitem is projected to be depleted and when to order goods to prevent suchdepletion. The inventory control process does not generally take intoaccount the problems associated with availability of materials andmachines to satisfy the inventory demand. On the other hand, themanufacturing control process considers the availability problem butdoes not take into account the effect of a sales promotion that willdeplete an inventory faster than projected. A marketing department inpreparing a sales promotion will often not consider the effect thatpromotion will have on availability, inventory and profit margin buttends to focus on sales goals. What is needed is a system that willsupport managers with each of these view points in understanding theeffect of the various decisions that can be made on the supply chain asa whole both currently and into the near future.

[0003] Supply chain information flows today are fragmented, limited,and, in some cases, non-existent. The lack of timely communicationbetween the different participants in the supply chain has resulted inhigher costs for the system, for example, by limiting its ability toadequately measure distributor performance or to analyze promotion andnew product activities, e.g., sales success, etc. In addition, thesystem continues to suffer from excess inventories and waste,unnecessary stock outs and rationing of products. A company cannoteffectively react to these issues because the information that is neededto make sound management decisions is not available when it is needed.

[0004] From a marketing perspective, this lack of information hassignificantly hampered a company's ability to evaluate marketingtactics, post-program. Such companies also do not possess historicaldata that can assist it in developing marketing strategy and relatedplans, and understanding the essence of a brand.

[0005] Today, there is limited access to, and limited participation in,supply chain information systems by restaurants, franchisees,distributors, suppliers, etc. The infrastructure for supply chaininformation systems is inadequate. Restaurant point-of-sale (POS)systems are diverse and do not allow for data flows and the resultinganalysis. At any point in time, it is not known how much product isselling, when it is selling or where it is selling. As long as thissituation is allowed to continue, activities throughout the supply chainwill continue to be reactive, error-prone, time-consuming and costly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] A system, method and computer program product are disclosed forrisk management in a supply chain management framework. A supply chainmanager is appointed for at least one buying supply chain participant.Such appointment can be made arbitrarily, by default, upon selection bythe supply chain participant, etc. The supply chain manager is givenauthority to negotiate supply agreements for at least one good on behalfof the at least one buying supply chain participant. Note that the goodmay be a raw material and/or a fully finished good as well. One or moresupply agreements are entered into for the at least one good, whereinprovisions of the supply agreement include: (i) pricing for each onegood shall be based upon factors including an actual market price of atleast one commodity when the supply chain manager has not established acommodity position price; and (ii) pricing for each one good shall bebased upon factors including a commodity position price of at least onecommodity when the supply chain manager has established a commodityposition price. Periodically, a commodity position price is establishedthrough the supply chain manager, so that the supply chain manager maythereby address risks to the supply chain of varying market levels andmarket volatility of the at least one goods.

[0007] In one aspect, the supply chain manager is granted authority tonegotiate supply agreements for the at least one good on behalf of allbuying supply chain participants. In another aspect, an actual marketprice of the at least one good is kept secret from the at least onebuying supply chain participant. In a further aspect, an identity of theat least one buying supply chain participant is kept secret from asupplier of the at least one good. In yet another aspect, each supplyagreement is between the supply chain manager on behalf of the at leastone buying supply chain participant and a selling supply chainparticipant. In even a further aspect, the good may be an at leastpartially finished good. In an additional aspect, the determining mayinclude the analyzing of data collected from a plurality of supply chainparticipants relating to the sale of goods.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008]FIG. 1A illustrates an electronic reporting and feedback systemaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0009]FIG. 1B illustrates an electronic reporting and feedback systemfor restaurants according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0010]FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process for normalizing data in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0011]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for reporting in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0012]FIG. 4 illustrates an infrastructure for web services according toa preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0013]FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a process for managing a supply chainutilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0014]FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process for tracking a performance ofdistributors in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0015]FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process for tracking a performance ofsuppliers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0016]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a process for tracking the performance ofsuppliers and distributors in a plurality of marketplaces in a supplychain management framework in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0017]FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a process for forecasting the sale ofgoods in a store utilizing a network-based supply chain managementframework in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018]FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a process for inventory managementutilizing a network-based framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0019]FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a process for providing feedback onforecasting relating to the sale of goods in a store utilizing anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0020]FIG. 12 illustrates an integrated supply chain analysis modelaccording to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021]FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a process for planning promotionsaccording to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0022]FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a process for assessing market trends ina supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0023]FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a process for collecting data toforecast sales in a supply chain in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0024]FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process for tracking the sale of goodsin a store utilizing a network-based supply chain management frameworkin accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025]FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a process for cost reporting using anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0026]FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a process for forecasting the sale ofgoods in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027]FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a process for evaluating a success of apromotion utilizing a network-based supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028]FIG. 20 illustrates levels of integration between the supply chaincoordinator and retail management;

[0029]FIG. 21 is a flow diagram depicting integration ownership;

[0030]FIG. 22 illustrates an electronic reporting and feedback systemaccording to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0031]FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a process for raw product supply chainreporting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032]FIG. 24 is a flow diagram illustrating basic communication andproduct movement according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0033]FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating advanced communication andproduct movement according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0034]FIG. 26 illustrates a Sales Forecast Worksheet presentinghistorical data and projected data;

[0035]FIG. 27 depicts a Promotion Monitoring Worksheet illustratingstatistics such as variance from expected levels;

[0036]FIG. 28 is a flowchart of a process for identifying goods in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0037]FIG. 29 is a flowchart of a process for generating supply chainstatistics in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038]FIG. 30 depicts a sample report for a distribution center;

[0039]FIG. 31 illustrates a Data Quality report;

[0040]FIG. 32 illustrates a distributor ranking report;

[0041]FIG. 33 depicts a sample Supplier report;

[0042]FIG. 34 illustrates a Data Quality report;

[0043]FIG. 35 illustrates a distributor ranking report that providesstatistics on the number of orders filled, on-time deliveries, andperfect orders delivered;

[0044]FIG. 36 illustrates a Food Cost Summary report that compares theactual cost of food against a projected cost;

[0045]FIG. 37 is a flowchart of a process for promotion reporting in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0046]FIG. 38 is a flowchart of a process for order confirmation in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0047]FIG. 39 is a flowchart of a process for advertising in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0048]FIG. 40 is a flowchart of a process for advertising in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0049]FIG. 41 is a flowchart of a process for generating revenueutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0050]FIG. 42 is a flowchart of a process for generating revenueutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0051]FIG. 43A is a flowchart of a process for an auction functionutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0052]FIG. 43B is a flow diagram of a process for utilizing marketdemand information for generating revenue;

[0053]FIG. 43C is a flow diagram of another process for generatingrevenue according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0054]FIG. 43D is a flow chart of a process 4386 for risk management ina supply chain management framework;

[0055]FIG. 44 illustrates an exemplary system with a plurality ofcomponents in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

[0056]FIG. 45 is a schematic diagram of a hardware implementation of oneembodiment of the present invention;

[0057]FIG. 46 is a flowchart of a process for providing network-basedsupply chain communication between stores, distributors, suppliers, asupply chain manager, and a corporate headquarters in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0058]FIG. 47 is a flow diagram of a process for providing network-basedsupply chain communication according to another embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0059]FIG. 48 is a flowchart of a process for providing a restaurantsupply chain management interface framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0060]FIG. 49 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary supply chaincoordinator web site start page in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0061]FIG. 50 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary supply chaincoordinator Members' Front Page in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0062]FIG. 51 is a flowchart of a process for providing a supplierinterface in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0063]FIG. 52 is a flowchart of a process for providing a distributorinterface in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0064]FIG. 53 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary POS ImpliedDaily Usage-Distributor report that may be displayed in the supply chaincoordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0065]FIG. 54 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary localpromotion summary by distribution center report that may be displayed inthe supply chain coordinator web site in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0066]FIG. 55 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary POS implieddaily usage-supplier report that may be displayed in the supply chaincoordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0067]FIG. 56 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary retailerlanded cost verification report that may be displayed in the supplychain coordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0068]FIG. 57 is a flowchart of a process for navigating a user in anetwork-based supply chain management interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0069]FIG. 58 depicts a high level view of ISCM communications accordingto an illustrative embodiment of the present invention;

[0070]FIG. 59 is a flowchart of a process for tracking the shipment ofgoods in a network-based supply chain management framework utilizingbarcodes in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0071]FIG. 60 illustrates the ISCM in the context of security and accessmanagement;

[0072]FIG. 61 sets forth the members of the ISCM community and theirrelationship;

[0073]FIG. 62 is a flowchart of a process for selecting suppliers in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0074]FIG. 63 illustrates a multi-level, complex member organization;

[0075]FIG. 64 is a flowchart of a process for contract enforcement in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0076]FIG. 65 is a flowchart of a process for monitoring distributoractivity in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0077]FIG. 66 is a flowchart of a process for monitoring supplieractivity in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0078]FIG. 67 is a flowchart of a process for a bulletin board featurein a supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0079]FIG. 68 is a flowchart of a process for a catalog feature in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0080]FIG. 69 is an outline of an approach for mapping customersdirectly to solution design;

[0081]FIG. 70 is a flowchart of a process for electronic invoiceauditing in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0082]FIG. 71 is a flowchart of a process for providing a network-basedsupply chain interface capable of maintaining the anonymity of stores inthe supply chain in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0083]FIG. 72 shows several applications for the web portal;

[0084]FIG. 73 shows an expanded view of the portal from a security andaccess control perspective;

[0085]FIG. 74 is a flow diagram showing how group and roles manageaccess;

[0086]FIG. 75 is a schematic illustrating features and functions acrossweb, network and system areas;

[0087]FIG. 76 is a schematic diagram showing a validation of users on aweb portal;

[0088]FIG. 77 graphically shows how user roles are managed in amulti-community environment;

[0089]FIG. 78 illustrates a schematic showing the protection ofresources with a central policy server, a separate user directory, andthe integration of affiliate sites through an agent client;

[0090]FIG. 79 illustrates a policy based security architecture inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

[0091]FIG. 80 is a flowchart of a process for a secure supply chainmanagement framework in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0092]FIG. 81 shows a schematic with attribute setting through a webinterface;

[0093]FIG. 82 illustrates a flow diagram for-assigning defaultprivileges;

[0094]FIG. 83 shows a Zen diagram illustrating the intersection ofprivileges;

[0095]FIG. 84 illustrates a diagram showing a system, supply chainmember, retail manager, the supply chain coordinator, supplier, anddistributor root nodes;

[0096]FIG. 85 illustrates another diagram showing groups within domains;

[0097]FIG. 86 shows still another diagram showing hierarchies inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

[0098]FIG. 87 shows a process for hierarchy management, in accordancewith one embodiment of the present invention;

[0099]FIG. 88 depicts a hierarchy in the supply chain portal management,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;

[0100]FIG. 89 illustrates the retail outlet manager as part of thesupply chain coordinator hierarchy, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0101]FIG. 90 is a schematic showing the process by which cross-domainaccess rights are granted;

[0102]FIG. 91 is a diagram that shows a process flow for anadministrative function;

[0103]FIG. 92 is a flowchart of a process for updating information in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0104]FIG. 93 is a flowchart of a process for managing a health andpersonal care products supply chain utilizing a network in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

[0105]FIG. 94 is a flowchart of a process for managing an electronicsand appliances supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0106]FIG. 95 is a flowchart of a process for managing a transportationequipment supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0107]FIG. 96 is a flowchart of a process for managing a home productssupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0108]FIG. 97 is a flowchart of a process for managing a food andbeverage supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0109]FIG. 98 is a flowchart of a process for managing a machinerysupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0110]FIG. 99 is a flowchart of a process for managing an sporting goodsupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0111]FIG. 100 is a flowchart of a process for managing a chemicalsupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0112]FIG. 101 is a flowchart of a process for managing a departmentstore supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0113]FIG. 102A is a flowchart of a process for managing an officeproduct supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0114]FIG. 102B is a flow diagram of a process for managing a booksupply chain utilizing a network according to one embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0115]FIG. 103 is a flowchart of a process for managing a gas stationsupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0116]FIG. 104A is a flowchart of a process for managing a conveniencestore supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0117]FIG. 104B is a flow diagram of a process for managing a toy supplychain utilizing a network according to an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0118]FIG. 105 is a flowchart of a process for managing an entertainmentmedia supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0119]FIG. 106 is a flowchart of a process for managing an accommodationsupply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0120]FIG. 107 is a flowchart of a process for a reverse auction in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0121]FIG. 108 is a flowchart of a process for tracking damaged goods ina supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0122]FIG. 109 is a flowchart of a process for allocatingresponsibilities in a supply chain management framework in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

[0123]FIG. 110 is a flowchart of a process for determining productsupply parameters in a supply chain management framework in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention;

[0124]FIG. 111 is a flowchart of a process for reducing costs in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0125]FIG. 112 is a flowchart of a process for handling contracts in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0126]FIG. 113 is a flowchart of a process for centralizing a supplychain management framework in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0127]FIG. 114 is a flowchart of a process for providing localdistribution committees in a supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0128]FIG. 115 is a flowchart of a process for price auditing in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0129]FIG. 116 is a flowchart of a process for auditing performance in asupply chain framework in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention; FIG. 117 is a flowchart of a process for providing anelectronic mail virtual private network in a supply chain managementframework in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0130]FIG. 118 is a flowchart of a process for secret pricing in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0131]FIG. 119 is a flowchart of a process for managing risk in a supplychain management framework in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0132]FIG. 120 is a flowchart of a process for product tracking in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0133]FIG. 121 is a flowchart of a process for auctioning surplusproducts in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0134]FIG. 122 is a flowchart of a process for managing a supply chainutilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0135]FIG. 123 is a flowchart of a process for managing a supply chainutilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0136]FIG. 124 is a flowchart of a process for disseminating calendarinformation in a supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0137]FIG. 125 illustrates a graphical user interface for generatingcost system components;

[0138]FIG. 126 depicts a selection screen;

[0139]FIG. 127 illustrates an Add Items window displayed upon selectingItems from the Supply menu and New fro the selection screen;

[0140]FIG. 128 illustrates a Landed Cost Report by Distribution Center;

[0141]FIG. 129 illustrates an Item/FOB button that calls up an FOBwindow;

[0142]FIG. 130 depicts an FOB window;

[0143]FIG. 131 illustrates a window for adding an FOB point;

[0144]FIG. 132 depicts a screen for adding Distribution Centers;

[0145]FIG. 133 is a flowchart of a process for creating cost systemcomponents in a supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0146]FIG. 134 illustrates a matrix window for creating matrices;

[0147]FIG. 135 illustrates a matrix that identifies the source anddestination for a product in question;

[0148]FIG. 136 illustrates an FOB matrix;

[0149]FIG. 137 illustrates a contract matrix;

[0150]FIG. 138 depicts a Contract button;

[0151]FIG. 139 depicts a minimum order matrix;

[0152]FIG. 140 illustrates a shipping matrix;

[0153]FIG. 141 shows an Options menu;

[0154]FIG. 142 illustrates a Notification toolbar button;

[0155]FIG. 143 illustrates selection of a Multi-Item Price Notification;

[0156]FIG. 144 is a flowchart of a process for utilizing cost models ina supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0157]FIG. 145 depicts a New Item button;

[0158]FIG. 146 illustrates a Contract/Buyer association screen;

[0159]FIG. 147 depicts a contract schedule screen;

[0160]FIG. 148 illustrates a Generate button;

[0161]FIG. 149 illustrates an Exhibit A button, which upon selectionprovides the Supplier with the “Approved Products” listing for thecurrent contract;

[0162]FIG. 150 illustrates an Exhibit B button, which upon selectionprovides the detail on per case pricing and volume for each laneassigned to this Supplier;

[0163]FIG. 151 shows a screen for selecting end dates to use on anexhibit;

[0164]FIG. 152 illustrates an Options drop down menu;

[0165]FIG. 153 depicts an Exhibit C button for generating a report whichlists product routing for each lane and any minimum order quantities;

[0166]FIG. 154 is a flowchart of a process for creating a contractutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0167]FIG. 155 shows a Proposal submenu;

[0168]FIG. 156 illustrates a Bid Proposal window used for generating aproposal;

[0169]FIG. 157 illustrates toolbar buttons for adding, deleting andprinting actions;

[0170]FIG. 158 illustrates a page under the Items tab;

[0171]FIG. 159 illustrates the page under the Items tab upon selectionof the Search button;

[0172]FIG. 160 illustrates a page under the FOB Price tab for selectingFOB price component worksheets;

[0173]FIG. 161 depicts a window for managing Distribution Center usage;

[0174]FIG. 162 is a flowchart of a process for creating a bid proposalutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0175]FIG. 163 illustrates a Templates button which calls a Templatewindow;

[0176]FIG. 164 depicts the Template window called by the Templatesbutton;

[0177]FIG. 165 illustrates a window displayed upon selection of theTemplates tab;

[0178]FIG. 166 is an illustration of a Microsoft Word menu;

[0179]FIG. 167 is an illustration of the page presented upon selectionof the Create Bid tab;

[0180]FIG. 168 shows a Create Bid button;

[0181]FIG. 169 illustrates a drop down list box from which a user canselect reports for viewing;

[0182]FIG. 170 illustrates a Print button;

[0183]FIG. 171 depicts a Print Bid button;

[0184]FIG. 172 is a flowchart of a process for proposal reportingutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0185]FIG. 173 depicts a Least Cost toolbar button;

[0186]FIG. 174 illustrates a standard query screen;

[0187]FIG. 175 shows a Supply menu;

[0188]FIG. 176 depicts a drop down list for changing Bid selection;

[0189]FIG. 177 is a flowchart of a process for analysis creationutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0190]FIG. 178 illustrates a window displayed upon beginning ananalysis;

[0191]FIG. 179 depicts an option selection window;

[0192]FIG. 180 illustrates a version button for creating new versions ofanalyses;

[0193]FIG. 181 illustrates a verification window that appears uponselection of the version button;

[0194]FIG. 182 is a flowchart of a process for analysis version controlin a supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0195]FIG. 183 depicts a tab page for adding and removing FOBs from ananalysis;

[0196]FIG. 184 illustrates a portion of the Item tab page;

[0197]FIG. 185 is a flowchart of a process for editing supplierinformation in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention;

[0198]FIG. 186 illustrates a page that is displayed upon selection ofthe Item/FOB tab;

[0199]FIG. 187 shows an Update button for updating cost information;

[0200]FIG. 188 is a flowchart of a process for adding components in asupply chain management analysis in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention;

[0201]FIG. 189 is an illustration of an exemplary analysis windowdisplayed upon selecting a Capacity tab;

[0202]FIG. 190 illustrates another analysis window;

[0203]FIG. 191 is a flowchart of a process for managing supplier sitesin a supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention;

[0204]FIG. 192 is a depiction of an FOB pricing window;

[0205]FIG. 193 depicts an illustrative FOB Volume Pricing screen;

[0206]FIG. 194 depicts a Supplier Volume Pricing window;

[0207]FIG. 195 shows a Delivered Pricing screen;

[0208]FIG. 196 is a flowchart of a process for pricing in a supply chainmanagement framework in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

[0209]FIG. 197 is a depiction of a Projected Restaurant Growth screen;

[0210]FIG. 198 illustrates a Projected Usage Estimation screen;

[0211]FIG. 199 is a flowchart of a process for projecting distributioncenter usage in a supply chain management framework in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

[0212]FIG. 200 illustrates an Excluding Lanes screen displayed uponselection of a Lane Restrict tab;

[0213]FIG. 201 is a depiction of a Forcing Lanes window;

[0214]FIG. 202 depicts a message screen;

[0215]FIG. 203 is a flowchart of a process for restricting lanes in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0216]FIG. 204 is an illustration of a Truckload Freight windowdisplayed upon selection of a TL Freight tab;

[0217]FIG. 205 illustrates an LTL Freight page;

[0218]FIG. 206 is a flowchart of a process for managing freight in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0219]FIG. 207 depicts a restriction window;

[0220]FIG. 208 is a flowchart of a process for imposing regionalrestrictions in a supply chain management framework in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention;

[0221]FIG. 209 shows a Routing button;

[0222]FIG. 210 illustrates a Report Selection window;

[0223]FIG. 211 is a flowchart of a process for product routing in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0224]FIG. 212 illustrates a Solve button;

[0225]FIG. 213 illustrates the Report Selection window which allowsselection of the report type;

[0226]FIG. 214 illustrates a Report Name drop down list of relatedreports;

[0227]FIG. 215 illustrates another Report Name drop down list of relatedreports;

[0228]FIG. 216 shows a Report Selection window;

[0229]FIG. 217 depicts a report name drop down list;

[0230]FIG. 218 illustrates parameter entry fields for report generation;

[0231]FIG. 219 shows a Retrieve button for retrieving a report;

[0232]FIG. 220 is a flowchart of a process for comparison reporting in asupply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention;

[0233]FIG. 221 illustrates a Cost button;

[0234]FIG. 222 is a depiction of a Cost Matrix Creation window;

[0235]FIG. 223 illustrates the Formula Pricing submenu of the Supplydrop down menu;

[0236]FIG. 224 illustrates a Formula Pricing window;

[0237]FIG. 225 depicts the page displayed upon selecting the PricingTab;

[0238]FIG. 226 shows a message window;

[0239]FIG. 227 is an illustration of another message window;

[0240]FIG. 228 depicts a selection window to allow selection of thepricing data that the user wants to copy over the current pricing;

[0241]FIG. 229 is an illustration of the page displayed upon selectionof the Freight Tab;

[0242]FIG. 230 is a depiction of the page displayed upon selection ofthe Formulas Tab;

[0243]FIG. 231 illustrates the page displayed upon selection of theBlock Cost Tab;

[0244]FIG. 232 is a depiction of the page displayed upon selection ofthe Adjustments Tab;

[0245]FIG. 233 depicts toolbar icons used to insert or deleteadjustments;

[0246]FIG. 234 illustrates an RM Letter icon;

[0247]FIG. 235 illustrates the Formula Maintenance window that is usedto modify or add new formulas; and

[0248]FIG. 236 illustrates a Formula Pricing submenu from which a usercan open the Formula Maintenance window.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0249] The present invention allows participants in a supply chain foran enterprise or collection of enterprises to function as an integratedsystem. The Supply Chain model of the present invention is responsiveand efficient, based on electronic access to critical information thatis available when it is needed at various points throughout the SupplyChain. As a result the Supply Chain is highly flexible, reliable anduser friendly, responsive to consumer demands, able to respond to shortlead times and able to significantly lower Supply Chain costs.

[0250] The present invention positions a Brand for growth, competitionand profitability by installing and managing the infrastructure thatfacilitates accurate, timely and relevant information flows throughoutthe Supply Chain.

[0251] The present invention overcomes traditional difficulties withsupply chain information flows, namely that the flow of information isfragmented, untimely, and/or nonexistent. Further, the present inventionovercomes deficiencies in prior art supply chain information systemssuch as limited access; limited participation; and inadequateinfrastructure; which result in the unavailability of accurate, timelymanagement information from Supply Chain activities; business decisionsnot being based on the best information; unfavorable impact on the costof products; and error prone, time consuming, and costly activitiesthroughout the Supply Chain.

[0252] The organizational structure, technology applications andinformation systems that form portions of the Supply Chain are enablersthat allow for effective management of the Supply Chain. The methodologyof the present invention provides the means to efficiently capture,analyze and feed back timely Supply Chain data to the appropriateparties.

[0253] The claimed invention is applicable to many different industries,including but not limited to, pharmaceuticals, health and personal careproducts, computer and internet technology, automotive, home productsupply, food and beverage, telecommunications, machinery, airconditioning and refrigeration, chemical, department store supply,office product supply, aircraft and airline related industries,education, consumer electronics, hotel, gasoline stations, conveniencestores, music and video, etc. For purposes of illustration only,portions of the following description will be placed in the context of aSupply Chain for food services, including food distribution, retailoutlet management and operation, and marketing. One skilled in the artwill appreciate that the various embodiments and concepts of the presentinvention are applicable to a plethora of industries without strayingfrom the spirit of the present invention. As such, the scope of thepresent invention is to be in no way limited to food services only.

Overview

[0254] The present invention includes a supply chain management systeminvolving at least one supply chain participant. Supply chainparticipants include a supply chain manager. The supply chain managermay be a supply chain participant, a department of, division of orconsultant for a supply chain participant, or an independent entityunrelated to the other supply chain participants. The supply chainmanager may be allowed to exercise management rights without takingtitle or possession of any goods passing through the supply chain.

[0255] Supply chain participants may also include brand owners, point ofsale outlets, point of sale outlet owners, a cooperative or consortiumof point of sale outlet owners, distributors, or suppliers. Suppliersmay supply one or more of finished goods, partially finished goods orraw materials.

[0256] The supply chain management system of the present inventionincludes six system components which may be integrated independently, ona parallel path, but ultimately are able to electronically interfacewith each other. Typically, a supply chain may include retailers,distributors and suppliers or equivalents thereof.

[0257] The supply chain management system according to one aspect of thepresent invention, increases the Quality Of Service (QOS) to supplychain participants, lowers costs and adds new value to supply chainparticipants with its “predictive” nature based on statistically drivenmodels, discussed below.

[0258] Supply chain participants, as used herein, refers withoutlimitation to stores and other vendors/outlets, distributors, suppliers,etc. Further, suppliers include suppliers of raw partially finished, andfinished goods.

[0259] In general, the supply chain management system integrates variouscomponents, which components may include:

[0260] 1. In-Retailer Systems

[0261] 2. Retailer/Distributor Electronic Interface

[0262] 3. Supplier/Distributor Electronic Interface

[0263] 4. Data Warehouse

[0264] 5. Information Services

[0265] 6. Web Architecture and Internet Access

[0266] It should be understood that some or all of these components oranalogous components may also be applicable to various industriesincluding those industries set forth above.

[0267]FIG. 1A illustrates an electronic reporting and feedback system100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0268] In-Retailer Systems support point of sale outlet owners 102 withPoint of Sale (POS) and BOH hardware and software solutions, and provideleadership in the evolution of retailer systems to ensure electronicconnectivity to the Supply Chain. This component enables electronic datacollection of daily menu item sales for the information database. Italso enhances retailer operations by providing retail outlet managerswith tools that help free their time to focus on the customers.

[0269] Retailer-Distributor Electronic Interface establishes anelectronic purchasing system and thus “electronic commerce” between POSoutlets 104 and distributors/“direct” suppliers 106,108. This includeselectronic order entry (via Web or BOH), order confirmation, productdelivery/receiving, electronic invoicing, electronic wire paymenttransfers, data collection, and most important, contract compliance anddistributor performance measurement, which assists in managingdistributor performance.

[0270] Supplier-Distributor Electronic Interface facilitates thedevelopment of electronic commerce between system suppliers anddistributors including electronic ordering and confirmations, electronicinvoicing and payments and electronic supplier performance measuring andreporting. Electronic commerce between raw material suppliers 110 andsuppliers is also provided.

[0271] Data Warehouse 112 is a central collection point thatelectronically collects and warehouses timely, critical Supply Chaininformation for all Supply Chain participants. This includes distributorand supplier performance measures, representations of daily outlet itemsales with translations to specified product requirements, and inventorylevels, sales history and forecasts at various points in the SupplyChain, thereby providing a basis for collaborative planning andforecasting. The data stored in the Warehouse is then available forquick, secure access.

[0272] Information Services analyzes 114, organizes and feeds backSupply Chain data to meet the information needs of Supply Chain endusers such as a brand owner 116, the Supply Chain Coordinator (SCC)118,retail outlet management 120. This includes information on SupplyChain performance, collaborative planning and forecasting, promotionplanning and inventory management. Services that benefit franchiseesinclude electronic invoice auditing, distributor performance reporting,food cost reporting and analysis, franchisee sales/cost comparables, andother reports. Information Services also determines a proper format inwhich to present the data so that it is in the most useful form for theend user. It also works with Supply Chain users to develop/evaluateanalytical/operational tools.

[0273] Web Architecture 122—underlying all this electronic activity istechnology, the web architecture with Internet access (throughproprietary service or an Internet Service Provider (ISP)) that allowsthese electronic communications to take place efficiently andeffectively. Encompassed in this component is the building of initialweb applications and security for the Supply Chain.

[0274]FIG. 1B illustrates the electronic reporting and feedback system100 of FIG. 1A adapted for restaurants according to an illustrativeembodiment of the present invention. In this situation, the POS outletcomprises a restaurant 126, a franchisee 124 is the POS outlet owner,and end users include restaurant management 128 and other end users 130.

[0275]FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a process 230 for normalizing data in asupply chain management framework. A plurality of data types are definedwith each data type including parameters in operation 232. Data isreceived utilizing a network from a plurality of POS outlets of a supplychain that relates to an amount of goods sold by the POS outlets inoperation 234. A format of the data is verified against the parametersof the defined data types in operation 236 and any discrepancies betweenthe format of the data and the parameters of the defined data types arecorrected for facilitating an analysis of the data in operation 238.

[0276] In one aspect, the corrections may be logged. In another aspect,the discrepancies may be displayed utilizing a network-based interface.In a further aspect, discrepancies may be corrected by translating theformat of the data in accordance with the parameters of the defined datatypes. In another aspect, the network may include the Internet. In anadditional aspect, the corrected data may be displayed utilizing anetwork-based interface.

[0277]FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process 330 for reporting in anetwork-based supply chain management framework. Utilizing a network,data is received from a plurality of stores, distributors and suppliersof a supply chain in operation 332. The data is processed in operation334. Subsequently, a request is received from a user for the processeddata in operation 336. The user is then identified as either relating toa store, distributor or supplier in operation 338 and the processed datais formatted based on the identification of the user as a store,distributor or supplier in operation 340.

[0278] In one aspect, the format may includes a first format for thestore, a second format for the distributor, and a third format for thesupplier. In another aspect, the format may utilize a coding schemeunique to the user. In an additional aspect, the formatted, processeddata may be made accessible via a network-based interface. In a furtheraspect, the network may include the Internet. In yet another aspect, therequest may be received utilizing the network.

[0279]FIG. 4 illustrates an infrastructure 400 for web servicesaccording to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown,application services 402 are at the core of the infrastructure.Secondary components include hosting services 404, content delivery 406,and network services 408. Professional services 410 are provided foreach of the components. Additional services can include support forelectronic commerce, eMarketing, eSales, and eFulfillment.

[0280]FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a process 530 for managing a supply chainutilizing a network. Data is received from a plurality of restaurants ofa supply chain utilizing a network in operation 532. This data relatesto the sale of goods by the restaurants. An electronic order form forordering a plurality of goods is then generated based on the data inoperation 534. The electronic order form is subsequently transmitted toat least one supply chain participant utilizing the network in operation536. For example, the form can be transmitted to a distributor of thesupply chain utilizing the network via a restaurant-distributorinterface. The electronic order form can also be transmitted to at leastone supplier of the supply chain utilizing the network via adistributor-supplier interface. Information relating to at least one ofthe operations in the above process for managing the supply chain istracked by the restaurant in operation 538.

[0281] In one aspect, the data may be transmitted to the supply chainparticipants. In such an aspect, the data may be parsed to match eachcorresponding supply chain participant. The data may also be madeaccessible to the supply chain participant via a network-basedinterface. In another aspect, the data may be accessible to the supplychain participant only after verification of an identity of the supplychain participant. In an additional aspect, the tracked information mayrelate to each of said operations of the above process.

[0282]FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a process 630 for tracking a performanceof distributors in which a plurality of distributors are registered inoperation 632. Data is received utilizing a network in operation 634.This data relates to the distribution of goods to a plurality of storesby the registered distributors. A performance of the registereddistributors is then tracked utilizing the data in operation 636.

[0283] In one aspect, the data may include delivery dates associatedwith the goods. In such an aspect, the performance may be tracked bycomparing the delivery dates with a plurality of target dates. Asanother aspect, the performance may be tracked by comparing the deliverydates with delivery dates associated with other distributors. In anotheraspect, the performance may be displayed to the stores utilizing anetwork-based interface. In a further aspect, the data relating to thedistribution of goods may be received from the stores.

[0284]FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a process 730 for tracking a performanceof suppliers. In general, a plurality of suppliers are registered inoperation 732. Data is then received utilizing a network in operation734. This data relates to the supply of goods to a plurality ofdistributors by the registered suppliers. A performance of theregistered suppliers is tracked utilizing the data in operation 736.

[0285] In an aspect, the data may includes inventory levels associatedwith the goods. As an aspect, the performance may be tracked bycomparing the inventory levels with a plurality of target inventorylevels. As another aspect, the performance may be tracked by comparingthe inventory levels with inventory levels associated with othersuppliers. In another aspect, the performance may be displayed to thestores utilizing a network-based interface. In a further aspect, thedata may be received from the stores.

[0286]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a process 830 for tracking theperformance of suppliers and distributors in a plurality of marketplacesin a supply chain management framework. In operation 832, a plurality ofdistributors and suppliers are registered each in one of a plurality ofmarketplaces with each marketplace involving the supply and distributionof at least one of a plurality of goods used by a plurality of stores.Data is received utilizing a network that relates to the distributionand supply of goods to the stores by the registered distributors andsuppliers in each of the marketplaces in operation 834. The receiveddata is parsed based on marketplaces in operation 836 and a performanceof the registered distributors and suppliers is tracked in each of themarketplaces utilizing the data in operation 838.

[0287] In one aspect, the data includes delivery dates associated withthe goods. In such an aspect, the performance may be tracked bycomparing the delivery dates with a plurality of target dates. Asanother aspect, the performance may be tracked by comparing the deliverydates with delivery dates associated with other distributors. In anotheraspect, the performance is displayed to the stores utilizing anetwork-based interface. In a further aspect, the data includesinventory levels associated with the goods. In such an aspect, theperformance may be tracked by comparing the inventory levels with aplurality of target inventory levels. As another aspect, the performancemay be tracked by comparing the inventory levels with inventory levelsassociated with other suppliers.

Results

[0288] The present invention makes critical performance informationavailable to the Supply Chain system. The timeliness and level of detailof this information enable the supply chain coordinator to managedistributors and suppliers at standards prior art systems have beenunable to achieve before. For example, timely performance information isprovided against which Supply Chain management (coordinator) can takeimmediate action. Such performance information includes system inventorylevels and movement, ordering activity, order fill rates, on-timedeliveries, and product quality issues. Note that the supply chaincoordinator may or may not hold an ownership interest in the othersupply chain participants. Further, the supply chain coordinator doesnot need to be associated with the other participants in any way otherthan in relation to supply chain management.

[0289] Significant opportunities exist for Supply Chain participants torealize substantial savings and marketing opportunities through improvedspeed to market for promotions and more responsive inventory management.

[0290] Further, retailer management is given online access to the fillSupply Chain database, subject to maintaining the confidentiality ofindividual franchisees/ retailers. For the very first time, retailoutlet management will be able to evaluate Supply Chain and retailoutlet sales information to develop Brand menu and marketing programstrategies. In addition, another first, retailer management is allowedto evaluate the success of past marketing programs by comparing actualsales to forecasts and reviewing Gross Profit Margin analyses ofprograms.

[0291] According to an embodiment of the present invention, Supply Chainmanagement is able to provide online local promotion information todistribution centers, suppliers, Field Marketing, ADIs and LocalDistribution Committees. This improves the speed to market forpromotions and new products, as well as provides the ability to makeongoing program adjustments.

[0292] The advantages of being able to share and update a common database at the convenience of all users provides enhanced coordinationbetween all participants, improved planning, less over-ordering andproduct waste, and less time spent managing and coordinating localpromotions. For new contracted distributors, daily distributor invoicefeeds can be established.

[0293] Franchisees are provided with many advantages. Tools are providedto evaluate and select new retail POS and BOH hardware and softwaresystems for system-wide communication with their retailers, each otherand with the Supply Chain. They are given the ability to order productsand manage inventory electronically, and are given access to valuablemanagement information and tools.

[0294] Retailers are provided with the ability to conduct efficientelectronic commerce with distributors and “direct” suppliers. They arealso allowed to communicate easily with the Supply Chain.

Business Analysis

[0295]FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a process 930 for forecasting the sale ofgoods in a store utilizing a network-based supply chain managementframework. Data relating to a supply chain is collected in operation932. The selection of one or more of a plurality of points in the supplychain is also allowed in operation 934 so that the data for the selectedpoint in the supply chain may be analyzed in operation 936. Based onthis analysis, a forecast is made of one or more aspects of the supplychain at the selected point in the supply chain in operation 938.

[0296] In one aspect, one of the points may be a store. In such anaspect, the data may reflect a sale of goods in the store. In anotheraspect, one of the points may be a supplier. In further aspect, one ofthe points may be a distributor. In an additional aspect, the forecastmay be displayed utilizing a network-based interface.

[0297]FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a process 1030 for inventory managementutilizing a network-based framework. Data is received from a pluralityof stores of a supply chain utilizing a network in operation 1032. Thisdata relates to an amount of goods sold by the stores. A recipeassociated with each of the goods is identified in operation 1034 andinformation on processed products required to produce the goods is thencalculated based on the data and the recipe in operation 1036. Theinformation on the processed products is outputted utilizing the networkfor managing the supply chain in operation 1038.

[0298] In one aspect, the data may include an amount of the goods, andcan be based on a function of menu demand. In another aspect, the recipemay indicate a type and an amount of the processed products required toproduce each of the goods. In an additional aspect, the information mayindicate a type and an amount of the processed products. For example,the demand for beef can be calculated. In a further aspect, theinformation may be outputted utilizing a network-based interface. In yetanother aspect, the network may include the Internet.

[0299] Back orders can be reconstructed. Also, key demand information isgathered directly from the store, greatly increasing accuracy andreducing response time.

[0300] Sales forecasting and inventory management are components in anembodiment of the Supply Chain management system. A theme of this modelis transparent communication of current (i.e. virtually real-time) andexpected sales to some or all supply chain participants in astatistically meaningful distribution everyday for all inventory levelproducts. In other words, predictive supply chain behavior can bedetermined and analyzed. Of course the counterbalance here is thecommitment to maintain the confidentiality of the particular datasource/franchisee.

[0301] Sales forecasting and analysis includes the accurate forecastingof menu items sales, monitoring system performance against forecasts,and communicating critical information to customers.

[0302] The sales forecasting and reporting subsystem allows Supply Chainmanagement to develop, maintain and communicate sales forecasts tosupply chain constituents including, for example: 1) the franchiseecommunity; 2) the distribution community; and 3) thesupplier/manufacturing community. Some benefits of this activityinclude: 1) optimization of inventory levels throughout the supplychain; 2) improved logistics management; 3) improved productionplanning; and 4) improved promotion planning, including promotionmarketing and execution. Further benefits include reduction in obsoleteinventory cost, reduction in lost sales due to shortages, improvedpromotional decision making, reduction in supply chain cost throughimproved inventory and capacity management, and improved invoiceaveraging and revenue planning and reconciliation.

[0303] One aspect of the present invention provides an analytic modelwhich enables a large and extended ecosystem, comprised of many similarbut otherwise independent operating units, to quickly and inexpensivelyshare near-real time data, with a trusted 3rd party, from a selected(and non-disclosed) sources, in a highly granular format, and then haveextracted meaningful projections of future behavior for all of the otherindependent operating units so as to effect their purchase decisions.The combination of (a) confidential and very specific data, (b)accumulated quickly and cheaply, (c) shared to similar operating units,(d) leading to predictive supply chain decisions for the benefit ofmanufactures, suppliers, distributors and operators is a major benefitprovided by the present invention.

[0304]FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a process 1130 for providing feedback onforecasting relating to the sale of goods in a store utilizing anetwork-based supply chain management framework. Forecasting of at leastone aspect of a supply chain is performed in operation 1132 based on afirst set of data collected from a plurality of stores of the supplychain utilizing a network. The first set of data relates to an amount ofgoods sold by the stores. A second set of real-time data is collectedfrom the stores utilizing the network in operation 1134. The second setof real-time data relates to the amount of goods sold by the stores. Thesecond set of real-time data is compared against the forecasting inoperation 1136 and the results of the comparison are fed back forfacilitating supply chain management in operation 1138.

[0305] In an aspect, the results of the comparison are fed backutilizing a network-based interface. In another aspect, the results ofthe comparison include a percent difference between the first set ofdata and the second set of data. In a further aspect, the networkincludes the Internet. In one embodiment, the aspect of the supply chainincludes sales of goods. In another embodiment, the aspect of the supplychain includes a demand of raw products required to produce the goods.

[0306] Overall Business Analysis Model

[0307] The sales forecasting and inventory management model is bestdescribed in the larger context of an integrated supply chain analysismodel 1200, shown in FIG. 12. This is done to reflect the fact thatthere are multiple customers of this information with differentrequirements. Sales forecasting and inventory management can be viewedas separate but interdependent analytic activities due to the corecompetencies, information, and systems that are required to supporteach.

[0308] As shown in FIG. 12, data such as menu item sales is collected ina database 1202. An integrity check can be performed prior to storingthe data in a database. Various types of analysis are performed on thedata and reports are generated by Report Management 1204 and are sent toparticipants in the Supply Chain, who may then distribute them toexternal customers. The analysis and reporting processes are describedin more detail below.

[0309] Sales Forecasting and Inventory Management Process

[0310]FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a process 1330 for planning promotionsin which historical data is collected utilizing a network from aplurality of stores of a supply chain in operation 1332. This historicaldata relates to at least the sale of goods by the stores and can befurther categorized based on seasonality, past marketing and/oradvertising support, etc. A promotion is then planned based on thehistorical data in operation 1334 and this planning is subsequentlycommunicated to the stores utilizing the network in operation 1336.

[0311] In one aspect, the planning may be communicated utilizing anetwork-based interface. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the promotion may be planned bycoinciding a time frame of the promotion with a time frame reflected bythe historical data. As a further aspect, the promotion may be plannedby coinciding a start time of the promotion with a start time reflectedby the historical data. In an additional aspect, the promotion may beplanned by selecting an amount of ordered goods of the promotion basedon an amount of ordered goods reflected by the historical data. In evenanother aspect, an impact of the promotion on a promotional item may beforecasted. Additionally, the impact of the promotion on anon-promotional item may also be forecasted.

[0312]FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a process 1430 for assessing markettrends in a supply chain management framework. A network is utilized inoperation 1432 to receive data that relates to the sale of goods by aplurality of stores in a plurality of regions. The received data istagged with a date on which it was collected in operation 1434 and thenorganized by region and dates in operation 1436. Market trends are thenassessed utilizing the organized data in operation 1438.

[0313] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the market trends are assessed via a network-based interface. Ina further aspect, the market trends are assessed utilizing a graph. As afurther aspect, the graph may include dates as one coordinate.

[0314]FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a process 1530 for collecting data toforecast sales in a supply chain. Utilizing a network in operation 1532,data is received from a plurality of stores of a supply chain thatrelates to an amount of goods sold by the stores. Information is alsocollected in operation 1534 that relates to a plurality of variablessuch as weather, competitor activity, and/or a marketing calendar—whichmay include one or more of the following types of information: cyclicalsales, seasonality, historical performance of same or similar products,and elements of marketing support. The data is processed based on theinformation relating to the variables in operation 1536 and a forecastof sales is generated based on the processing in operation 1538.

[0315] In one aspect, the all of the variables (weather, competitoractivity, and marketing calendar) are utilized. In another aspect, theinformation relating to the weather includes weather forecast. In afurther aspect, the information relating to the competitor activityincludes a forecast of a promotion of a competitor. In an additionalaspect, the information relating to the marketing calendar includes aforecast of a promotion of the stores. In one aspect, the networkincludes the Internet.

[0316] As part of the data needs analysis, there are three differentprocesses that address the issue of improving supply chain performanceduring promotional periods. These processes are:

[0317] Zero tolerance—meaning that there was no tolerance for eitherexcess inventories after the promotion, nor is it appropriate to run outof product during the promotion.

[0318] While supplies last—meaning that the promotion was active untileach all of the product was depleted.

[0319] Estimated Usage Report (EUR)—this is similar to the current FORprocess that is used for premiums purchasing.

[0320] One objective of the sales forecasting and reporting system is toprovide timely information to the supply chain allowing for: production,inventory and logistics planning; reaction to deviations from plan asquickly as possible; and/or volume estimates in support of contractingprocesses.

[0321] According to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention,a sales forecasting methodology is based on weekly menu item salesinformation. These sales forecast are all promotion centric, which isappropriate for this example, given that many businesses run promotionsseveral weeks per year. The process begins with an analyst extractingappropriate comparative sales data based on the type of promotion. Thisdata is formatted in a manner that allows analyst to observe thefollowing data:

[0322] National Promotion Description

[0323] Advertising Commitment in GRPs

[0324] Premium Promotion

[0325] Premium Advertising Commitment in GRPs

[0326] Date of Promotion

[0327] Average Weekly Sales Volume during Promotion Period

[0328] Average Daily Sales of Key Menu Items During Promotion

[0329] Based on this information, the analyst makes a best guess ofsales increases and cannibalization impacts. This menu item salesforecast is then translated into product requirements at the distributorand manufacturer/supplier level and communicated to the system.

[0330] A preferred sales forecasting and reporting system providesweekly forecasts for management of product volumes during promotionperiods. The forecast horizon in this example is 3-6 months and can bein terms of average weekly menu item sales, with a particular focus onpromotions and cannibalization.

[0331] In a food service supply chain, for example, historical menu itemsales information is available by restaurant by day for geographicallydistributed restaurants. Exogenous variables should include: promotiontype, GRP's for promotion, any other concurrent promotional activities,seasonality, competitive environment, and other factors that can beidentified.

[0332]FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process 1630 for tracking the sale ofgoods in a store utilizing a network-based supply chain managementframework. Data is received from a plurality of stores of a supply chainutilizing a network in operation 1632. This data relates to the sale ofgoods by the stores and is in a first format associated with the stores.This data is then sent from the stores to a supply chain manager (alsoknown as a supply chain coordinator) utilizing the network in operation1634 where the data is translated into a second format associated withthe supply chain manager in operation 1636.

[0333] In an aspect, the stores may include restaurants. In such anaspect, the data in the first format may include daily totals. Thesedaily totals may reflect a price associated with the goods. As a furtheraspect, the data in the second format may include monthly totals. Asanother aspect, the data in the second format may include a grouping ofthe goods.

[0334] Preferably, data collection and reporting is in a format thatallows for derivation of product requirements to support forecasted menuitem sales (i.e. how many boxes of hamburger patties are required basedon menu item sales forecast). Actual sales are tracked againstforecasted sales on a daily basis and alerts are generated if thedeviation is significant. Sales forecasting accuracy reports and postpromotion analysis are provided. The sales forecast can be in a formthat allows for gross profit analysis to be developed.

[0335] Some benefits to retailer outlets from the collection andanalysis of information include feedback of comparative and operationinformation including sales mix trends, actual and/or standard (orideal) product cost, actual and/or standard (or ideal) gross margin, andcomparable information from participating retailers on this information.Supply chain providers benefit by having access “real-time” salesinformation. This drives efficiencies in two ways: 1) Management ofpromotional volumes and inventories, and 2) Management of on goingproduction planning. Regarding promotional volumes and inventories,supply chain providers are permitted to react faster by having salesinformation up to many weeks earlier than currently available. Withrespect to production planning, by having “real-time” sales information,suppliers are able to maintain lower safety stocks, improving capitalefficiency.

[0336] Many of the benefits from “Integrated Supply Chain Management”are derived from the ability to deliver useful information for planningand operational purposes. The coordinator of the supply chain is giventhe information required to further optimize and decrease supply chaincosts, especially for promotion management and risk management.

[0337]FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a process 1730 for cost reporting usinga network-based supply chain management framework. Data is receivedutilizing a network in operation 1732. This data relates to goodsrequired by a plurality of stores including a product identifierparameter, and a first cost parameter. A second cost parameterassociated with a franchise mark-up is also received in operation 1734so that a total cost can be calculated based on the first cost parameterand the second cost parameter in operation 1736. The total cost isdisplayed utilizing the network with TCP/IP protocol in operation 1738.

[0338] In an aspect, the total cost may be calculated by adding thefirst cost parameter and the second cost parameter. In another aspect,the total cost may be displayed utilizing a network-based interface. Ina further aspect, the data may be received from a plurality ofdistributors. In such an aspect, the data may relate to goods requiredby a plurality of stores from the distributor. In one aspect, thenetwork may include a wide area network. The sales and forecastingsystem can also provide longer-term forecasts, which supportscontracting processes. The forecast horizon is variable based oncontract needs, such as 1-5 years. The forecast can be in terms ofretailer average weekly item sales. System level forecasts can beextrapolated from average weekly item sales forecasts. Historical itemsales information is made available by retailer by day. Some exogenousvariables include: store count, comparable sales changes, and changes insales mix.

[0339] Preferably, data collection and reporting is in a format thatallows for derivation of product requirements to support forecasted itemsales. Forecasts and reports can be distributed via the Internet in afixed report format or Excel spreadsheet, for example, depending on therecipient of the information.

[0340]FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a process 1830 for forecasting the saleof goods. Data is received in operation 1832 utilizing a network from aplurality of point of sale outlets (e.g., retailers) of a supply chainwhere the data relates to an amount of goods sold by the point of saleoutlets. The data is checked for errors in operation 1834. Each detectederror is identified in operation 1836 as either a point of sale set-uperror, a point of sale entry error, a back office error, a pollingerror, or a menu item mapping error so that the data can be correctedusing the identification in operation 1838.

[0341] In an aspect, the network may include the Internet. In anotheraspect, the data may be checked for errors in real-time. In a furtheraspect, the identified errors may be logged. As an aspect, the log maybe transmitted to the point of sale outlets utilizing the network. Asanother aspect, the log may be transmitted to a supply chain managerutilizing the network.

[0342]FIG. 19 is a flowchart of a process 1930 for evaluating a successof a promotion utilizing a network-based supply chain managementframework. Data from a plurality of stores of a supply chain is receivedutilizing a network in operation 1932. This data relates to the sale ofgoods by the stores. A time frame of a plurality of past promotions isidentified in operation 1934 and the data for each of the pastpromotions is analyzed utilizing the associated time frame in operation1936. The resulting analyses of the past promotions are then compared inoperation 1938.

[0343] In an aspect, the stores may include restaurants. In anotheraspect, the past promotions may then be ranked. In a further aspect, thecomparison may be displayed utilizing a network-based interface. In oneaspect, the time frame may include a start date and a finish date. In anadditional aspect, the data may include an amount of revenue associatedwith the sale of the goods.

[0344] To accomplish the forecasting and reporting objectives of thepresent invention, some integration may be required between the supplychain coordinator and retail management. FIG. 20 illustrates potentiallevels of integration between the supply chain coordinator 2000 andretail management 2002. At the highest level, the two are autonomous.The two may share their own forecasts, or may collaborate to createforecasts. The ideal situation is one in which a separate business unitis supported by the two. This leverages resources, eliminates bias,joins forecasts and implications of results, and provides for sharing ofknowledge.

[0345]FIG. 21 is a flow diagram depicting integration ownership. Asshown, data flows from business process and data collection points 2102to integration points 2104. The definition of the integration pointparameters are owned by the owners of the business process and datacollection point of the same border style.

Data Collection

[0346]FIG. 22 illustrates an electronic reporting and feedback system2200 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Asshown, data is received several of the participants in the Supply Chainand stored. Reports are generated and sent back to some or all of theparticipants. Also note that retail management 2202 and the supply chaincoordinator 2204 are also allowed to perform their own analyses andprovide feedback to other members of the Supply Chain.

[0347] Collection of Menu Item Sales

[0348] The primary element of forecasting is the communication ofproduct movement throughout the system. Sales information can bereceived from suppliers and distribution centers monthly, weekly, daily,etc. Preferably, sales data from the POS by store is received daily, asit provides much more information regarding specific menu items andpromotional items.

[0349] The collection and dissemination of this data allow both thesupply chain coordinator and the franchisee to benefit by sharing salesinformation and sales forecasting. The system also benefits fromimproved supply chain performance. Further benefits include providingfranchisees with access to new reports on sales mix, food cost anddistributor performance; and providing franchisees with a betterunderstanding of menu sales mix on margins both in everyday situationsas well as promotional situations. The supply chain coordinator,suppliers and distributors have access to virtually real-time sales,allowing for improved management of inventory and improved salesforecasting. Margin management information improves the supply chaincoordinator's decision making capability in the area of risk managementand purchasing.

[0350]FIG. 23 is a flowchart of a process 2330 for processed productsupply chain reporting wherein a network is utilized to receive datafrom a plurality of stores of a supply chain in operation 2332. The dataincludes a first set of information relating to an amount of processedproduct distributed to the stores and a second set of informationrelating to the sale of finished product by the stores. The network isalso utilized to send the data from the stores to a supply chain managerin operation 2334 where a percentage of cost attributable to theprocessed product is determined using the first and second sets ofinformation for use at the supply chain manager in operation 2336.

[0351] In an aspect, the stores may include restaurants. In such anaspect, the processed product may include food. In another aspect, thefirst set of information may include an amount of the finished product.In a further aspect, the second set of information may include an amountof the processed product. In one aspect, the percentage may be madeavailable utilizing a network-based interface.

[0352] Historical daily menu item sales data on a per store basis is thepreferred backbone for all decision making and expanding analysis. Othercausal information, variables that predict sales, can be collected andmarried with the menu item sales data to more accurately forecast. Thesevariables might include weather, competitive information, marketingcalendar, etc. Additional information such as menu item recipes can beused to further manipulate the data.

[0353] In a preferred embodiment, daily menu item sales data is receivedfrom restaurants on a per restaurant basis. This information is used tosupport the sales forecasting function and is used to report salesvolumes to distributors and suppliers/manufacturers. Distributor levelsales data is received on a weekly basis for all distributors, whilesupplier level sales data is received on a weekly basis for suppliers of“key products”.

[0354] In order to best support real time supply chain management,access to information on product flow at the point of sale is providedon a daily basis. A representative sample of daily menu item sales canbe collected if collection of all the data is not desired because ofcumbersomeness, communications problems, etc.

[0355]FIG. 24 is a flow diagram illustrating basic communication andproduct movement according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention. As shown, orders and products move back and forth betweensuppliers 2402, distributors 2404, and restaurants 2406. Daily menu itemsales data is sent from the restaurants to restaurant management 2408,where it is compiled and forwarded to the supply chain coordinator 2410.The distributor sends periodic gross purchased by restaurant and itemnumber to the supply chain coordinator. The supply chain coordinatoralso receives periodic invoice level sales data from the supplier.

[0356]FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating advanced communication andproduct movement according to an illustrative embodiment of the presentinvention. Again, orders and products move back and forth betweensuppliers 2502, distributors 2504, and restaurants 2506. Daily menu itemsales data is sent from the restaurants to restaurant management 2508,where it is forwarded to the supply chain coordinator 2510. Thedistributor sends invoice level sales information to the supply chaincoordinator and receives daily product movement reports. The supplychain coordinator also receives invoice level sales data from thesupplier and returns daily product movement reports to the supplier.

[0357]FIG. 26 illustrates a Sales Forecast Worksheet 2600 that setsforth historical data 2602 and projected data 2604. FIG. 27 depicts aPromotion Monitoring Worksheet 2700 illustrating statistics 2702 such asvariance from expected levels.

[0358]FIG. 28 is a flowchart of a process 2830 for identifying goods ina network-based supply chain management framework. Data is generated ata plurality of stores of a supply chain utilizing a network in operation2832. The generated data relates to an ordering of goods required by thestores. The generated data is tagged with a numeric goods identifiercommon to a plurality of different supply chain participants inoperation 2834. The generated data and the numeric goods identifier arecommunicated via the network to one or more of the supply chainparticipants that are capable of using the data and the numeric goodsidentifier for fulfillment of the order in operation 2836.

[0359] In one aspect, the numeric goods identifier may include a globaltrade identification number (GTIN). In another aspect, the generateddata and the numeric goods identifier may be communicated utilizing anetwork-based interface. In a further aspect, the numeric goodsidentifier may actually be positioned on the goods. In such an aspect,the numeric goods identifier may be positioned on the goods in the formof a bar code. In another aspect, the generated data may be tagged byincluding the numeric goods identifier therewith. In yet another aspect,outlet information is communicated between the supply chainparticipants. Also, order information can be synchronized between supplychain providers.

Reports

[0360]FIG. 29 is a flowchart of a process 2930 for generating supplychain statistics. Data is received utilizing a network from a pluralityof stores, distributors and suppliers of a supply chain in operation2932. Preferably, the data is received from less than all of the stores,distributors and suppliers to generate closely-controlled representativestatistics. The data is sampled in operation 2934 and supply chainstatistics are generated based on the sampling in operation 2936. Thegenerated supply chain statistics are utilized for demand forecasting,advance planning, and/or volume tracking in the supply chain inoperation 2938.

[0361] In an aspect, the sampling may be representative of apredetermined percentage of the stores, distributors, and suppliers. Inanother aspect, the statistics may represent sales of the stores. In afurther aspect, the statistics may represent goods ordered by thestores. In an additional aspect, the statistics may represent atimeliness of delivery of the ordered goods by the distributors. In oneaspect, the statistics may represent an inventory of the suppliers.

[0362] Distributor

[0363]FIG. 30 depicts a sample report 3000 for a distribution center.Measurements of operation performance are provided in an Operationssection 3002 and include warehouse outs, damages, mispicks, short ontruck, and overlooked and not returned. A Purchasing section 3004includes statistics in Out of Stock, Substitutions, and Out of Codefields. Other sections of the report preferably include Delivery OrderFill Rate, On-time Delivery, Perfect Order Rate, and Price Compliance.

[0364]FIG. 31 illustrates a Data Quality report 3100. The reportprovides a comparison the following items to a group average: Bad Files,Late Files, No Files, and Time to Resolve.

[0365]FIG. 32 illustrates a distributor ranking report 3200 thatprovides statistics on the number of orders filled, on-time deliveries,and perfect orders delivered, and whether they med the minimum requiredby the supply chain coordinator, retail management, or both.

[0366] Supplier

[0367]FIG. 33 depicts a sample Supplier report 3300. The report includesa Delivery Statistics section 3302 and other sections relating toInvoices and Inventory.

[0368]FIG. 34 illustrates a Data Quality report 3400. The reportprovides a comparison the following items to a group average: Bad Files,Late Files, No Files, and Time to Resolve.

[0369]FIG. 35 illustrates a distributor ranking report 3500 thatprovides statistics on the number of orders filled, on-time deliveries,and perfect orders delivered, and whether they met the minimum requiredby the supply chain coordinator, retail management, or both.

[0370] Cost

[0371]FIG. 36 illustrates a Food Cost Summary report 3600 that comparesthe actual cost of food against a projected cost.

[0372] Promotions

[0373]FIG. 37 is a flowchart of a process 3730 for promotion reportingin a network-based supply chain management framework. Data associatedwith a promotion is identified in operation 3732. Included in the datais promotion item information, location information, and durationinformation. A projected daily usage of the promotion item is calculatedfor a plurality of locations based on the data in operation 3734 and theprojected daily usage of the promotion item is outputted utilizing anetwork with TCP/IP protocol in operation 3736. Using this information,supplies can be shipped where they are needed, on a daily basis if needbe. Further, the projected daily usage can be separated by region forstatistical purposes.

[0374] In an aspect, each location may include a store. In anotheraspect, the calculating may include parsing the data based on locationinformation and the promotion item, and dividing the data by theduration information. In a further aspect, the promotion items mayinclude utensils. In yet another aspect, the promotion items may includefood. In one aspect, the projected daily usage may be outputted via anetwork-based interface. In even another aspect, a projected daily usageof finished goods may also be calculated for the plurality of locationsbased on the data. Next, the projections may be translated into aforecast of processed products required for the plurality of locationsas well as into a forecast of delivery and storage parameters.

[0375] Confirmations

[0376]FIG. 38 is a flowchart of a process 3830 for order confirmation ina supply chain management framework. A network is utilized in operation3832 to collect from a plurality of stores of a supply chain datarelating to the sale of goods by the stores. Access is allowed to thedata utilizing a network-based interface in operation 3834. Electronicorder forms are generated in operation 3836 based on the data forordering goods from a plurality of distributors of the supply chain.These electronic order forms request a confirmation of the receipt ofthe electronic order forms. A determination is made as to whether theconfirmation of the receipt of the electronic order forms is receivedfrom the distributors in operation 3838. If it is determined that theconfirmation of the receipt of the electronic order forms was not fromthe distributors, then an alert is generated in operation 3840.

[0377] In one aspect, the confirmation is received utilizing thenetwork. In such an aspect, the network may include the Internet. Inanother aspect, the alert is transmitted to the stores utilizing thenetwork. As an aspect, the alert may be displayed on the network-basedinterface. As a further aspect, the alert may include an electronic mailmessage.

Revenue Generation

[0378] The Supply Chain management system of the present inventioncreates, from its members, a web community with like interests. As aresult, a number of different types of vendors may be interested inconnecting to the site due to the captive audience comprising the webcommunity, and because the community is a highly targeted audience withsimilar business goals/interests.

[0379] One area of revenue generation is collection of fees foradvertising. Fees can be charged for such things as co-branding, localservice and product providers, national providers of optionalitems/services, distributor specials, utilities, etc.

[0380] Revenue can also be generated by charging a fee to participantswho buy and sell though the site, such as bakeries, soft drink vendors,coffee vendors, equipment vendors, consumers, restaurants, etc.

[0381] Sales and services can also be a source of revenue. Potentialsources can be utilities, office products, computers, and equipment.Providing an auction service can also create revenue.

[0382] A preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes one ormore of the following revenue models: investment in web site, charge perunit sold through site, exposures or click through, or a combination ofthese.

[0383] Following are several processes for generating revenue.

[0384]FIG. 39 is a flowchart of a process 3930 for advertising in anetwork-based supply chain management framework in which data isreceived utilizing a network from a plurality of stores of a supplychain in operation 3932. A supply chain participant is allowed to accessthe data utilizing a network-based interface in operation 3934. Thesupply chain participant accessing the network-based interface isidentified in operation 3936 and advertising is presented to the supplychain participant in accordance with the identification in operation3938.

[0385] In an aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the supply chain participant may be a supplier, a distributor,and/or a store. In such an aspect, the advertising advertises the saleof products required for the production of the goods produced by thestores. As another aspect, the advertising may be conducted by at leastone of the supply chain participants. In an additional aspect, a chargemay be required for the advertising.

[0386]FIG. 40 is a flowchart of a process 4030 for advertising in anetwork-based supply chain management framework. Data from a pluralityof stores of a supply chain is received utilizing a network in operation4032. A supply chain participant is allowed to access the data utilizinga network-based interface in operation 4034. The data being accessed bythe supply chain participant is analyzed in operation 4036 so thatadvertising may be presented to the user in accordance with the analysisin operation 4038.

[0387] In an aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the supply chain participant may be a supplier, a distributor,and/or a store. In such an aspect, the advertising may advertise thesale of products required for the production of the goods produced bythe stores. As another aspect, the advertising may be conducted by oneof the supply chain participants. In one aspect, charge is required forthe advertising.

[0388]FIG. 41 is a flowchart of a process 4130 for generating revenueutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework. A networkis utilized to receive data from a plurality of stores of a supply chainin operation 4132. A user is allowed to access to the data utilizing anetwork-based interface in operation 4134. Offers are then made to theuser to sell products from a third party that are related to the storeutilizing the network-based interface in operation 4136. The third partyis charged a fee based on a number of the products sold to the userutilizing the network-based interface in operation 4138.

[0389] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the user may be a supplier, a distributor, and/or a store. Insuch an aspect, the products may be required for the production of thegoods produced by the stores. In such an aspect, the advertising may beconducted by at least one of the users.

[0390]FIG. 42 is a flowchart of a process 4230 for generating revenueutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework. Data isreceived via a network from a plurality of stores of a supply chain inoperation 4232. A plurality of users are allowed to access the datautilizing a network-based interface in operation 4234. The users areidentified upon accessing the data utilizing the network-based interfacein operation 4236 so that the users can be charged a fee based on anumber of times the users access the data utilizing the network-basedinterface in operation 4238.

[0391] In an aspect, the network includes the Internet. In one aspect,the users include suppliers, distributors, and/or stores. In anotheraspect, advertising is displayed on the network-based interface whichadvertises the sale of products required for the production of the goodsproduced by the store. As an aspect, the advertising may be conducted byat least one of the users. As another aspect, a charge is required forthe advertising.

[0392]FIG. 43A is a flowchart of a process 4330 for an auction functionutilizing a network-based supply chain management framework. Data isreceived via a network from a plurality of stores of a supply chain inoperation 4332. A plurality of users are allowed to access to the datautilizing a network-based interface in operation 4334. A plurality ofgoods are displayed to the users accessing the data utilizing thenetwork-based interface in operation 4336. Subsequently, the acceptanceof bids on the goods is allowed from the users utilizing the network inoperation 4338.

[0393] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the users may be a supplier, a distributor, and/or a store. In afurther aspect, advertising is displayed on the network-based interfacewhich advertises the sale of products required for the production of thegoods produced by the store. In such an aspect, the advertising may beconducted by at least one of the users. As another aspect, a charge maybe required for the advertising.

[0394]FIG. 43B is a flow diagram of a process 4350 for utilizing marketdemand information for generating revenue. In operation 4352, a supplychain manager is appointed for at least one buying supply chainparticipant. Such appointment can be made arbitrarily, by default, uponselection by the supply chain participant, etc. In operation 4354, agrant of authority is given to the supply chain manager to negotiatepurchase agreements for at least one supply chain commodity on behalf ofthe at least one buying supply chain participant. One or more purchaseagreements for the commodity are entered into in operation 4356. Eachpurchase agreement is between the supply chain manager on behalf of theat least one buying supply chain participant and a selling supply chainparticipant. A periodic analysis of commodity market price informationis performed in operation 4358. Such price information includesinformation derived from an integrated supply management system fordetermining an effective price of the commodity. In the purchaseagreement(s), a contract price that depends upon the effective price forthe commodity is established in operation 4360 in circumstances where adetermination of the effective price of the commodity has been made.

[0395] In one aspect, the supply chain manager is granted authority tonegotiate purchase agreements for the at least one supply chaincommodity on behalf of all buying supply chain participants. Thecommodity can be a raw material, a partially finished good, and/or afinished good. In a further aspect, the at least one purchase agreementestablishes a contract price depending upon an actual market price forthe commodity in circumstances where no determination of the effectiveprice of the commodity has been made. In one aspect, an actual marketprice of the commodity is kept secret from the at least one buyingsupply chain participant. In another aspect, an identity of the at leastone buying supply chain participant is kept secret from a supplier ofthe commodity.

[0396] One benefit of this embodiment of the present invention is thatthe supply chain manager may have greater information about marketdemand for various raw material commodities than a distributor, and maywish to benefit from the availability of this information. By fixing an“effective raw material price,” the supplier is free to either take therequired position (at no cost, since the contract price will be basedupon the effective price), or take a contrary view, with the associatedrisk and benefit.

[0397] An additional benefit of this system is that the supply chainmanager may exploit raw material information without: (1) disclosingconfidential information beyond the fixed price analysis; and (2)needing to include raw material suppliers immediately into theintegrated supply chain models.

[0398]FIG. 43C is a flow diagram of another process 4370 for generatingrevenue according to an embodiment of the present invention. A supplychain manager is appointed for a buying supply chain participant inoperation 4372. In operation 4374, authority is granted to the supplychain manager to negotiate supply agreements between a selling supplychain participant and the supply chain manager on behalf of the buyingsupply chain participant. The supply agreement is entered into with thesupply agreement having at least the following provisions: i)establishing a contract price for the good, and ii) requiring theselling supply chain participant to bill the buying supply chainparticipant at an invoice price to be determined by the supply chainmanager in operation 4376. In operation 4378, an invoice price for thegood is established at various times during the term of the supplyagreement.

[0399] By controlling the invoice price, the distributor does not knowthe contract price of the supplier. Another advantage provided is thatthe supply chain manager can direct supplier to buy raw materials at aparticular price based on supply and demand information gathered by thesupply chain management system.

[0400] In one aspect of the present invention, the invoice price iscollected from the buying supply chain participant(s). Preferably, thebilling and collecting are performed at the direction of the supplychain manager. In another aspect, an overpayment to a selling supplychain participant for a commodity is reconciled by paying the differencebetween the corresponding contract price and the corresponding invoiceprice to the supply chain manager. In a further aspect, an underpaymentto a selling supply chain participant for a commodity is reconciled bypaying the difference between the corresponding invoice price and thecorresponding contract price to the selling supply chain participant.

[0401]FIG. 43D is a flow chart of a process 4386 for risk management ina supply chain management framework. In operation 4388, a supply chainmanager is appointed for at least one buying supply chain participant.Such appointment can be made arbitrarily, by default, upon selection bythe supply chain participant, etc. In operation 4390, the supply chainmanager is given authority to negotiate supply agreements for at leastone good on behalf of the at least one buying supply chain participant.Note that the good may be a raw material and/or a fully finished good aswell. One or more supply agreements are entered into for the at leastone good in operation 4392. Provisions of the supply agreement include:(i) pricing for each one good shall be based upon factors including anactual market price of at least one commodity when the supply chainmanager has not established a commodity position price; and (ii) pricingfor each one good shall be based upon factors including a commodityposition price of at least one commodity when the supply chain managerhas established a commodity position price. Periodically, in operation4394, a commodity position price is established through the supply chainmanager, so that the supply chain manager may thereby address risks tothe supply chain of varying market levels and market volatility of theat least one goods.

[0402] In one aspect of the present invention, commodity position pricescan be established based on information including information derivedfrom receiving data from a plurality of supply chain participants of asupply chain utilizing a network, the data relating to the sale ofproducts by the supply chain participants.

[0403] In one aspect, the supply chain manager is granted authority tonegotiate supply agreements for the at least one good on behalf of allbuying supply chain participants. In another aspect, an actual marketprice of the at least one good is kept secret from the at least onebuying supply chain participant. In a further aspect, an identity of theat least one buying supply chain participant is kept secret from asupplier of the at least one good. In yet another aspect, each supplyagreement is between the supply chain manager on behalf of the at leastone buying supply chain participant and a selling supply chainparticipant. In even a further aspect, the good may be an at leastpartially finished good. In an additional aspect, the determining mayinclude the analyzing of data collected from a plurality of supply chainparticipants relating to the sale of goods.

Technology Overview

[0404]FIG. 44 illustrates an exemplary system 4400 with a plurality ofcomponents 4402 in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention. As shown, such components include a network 4404 which takeany form including, but not limited to a local area network, a wide areanetwork such as the Internet, and a wireless network 4405. Coupled tothe network 4404 is a plurality of computers which may take the form ofdesktop computers 4406, lap-top computers 4408, hand-held computers 4410(including wireless devices 4412 such as wireless PDA's or mobilephones), or any other type of computing hardware/software. As an option,the various computers may be connected to the network 4404 by way of aserver 4414 which may be equipped with a firewall for security purposes.It should be noted that any other type of hardware or software may beincluded in the system and be considered a component thereof.

[0405] A representative hardware environment associated with the variouscomponents of FIG. 44 is depicted in FIG. 45. In the presentdescription, the various sub-components of each of the components mayalso be considered components of the system. For example, particularsoftware modules executed on any component of the system may also beconsidered components of the system. FIG. 45 illustrates a typicalhardware configuration of a workstation in accordance with oneembodiment having a central processing unit 4510, such as amicroprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via a systembus 4512.

[0406] The workstation shown in FIG. 45 includes a Random Access Memory(RAM) 4514, Read Only Memory (ROM) 4516, an I/O adapter 4518 forconnecting peripheral devices such as disk storage units 4520 to the bus512, a user interface adapter 4522 for connecting a keyboard 4524, amouse 4526, a speaker 4528, a microphone 4532, and/or other userinterface devices such as a touch screen (not shown) to the bus 4512,communication adapter 4534 for connecting the workstation to acommunication network 4535 (e.g., a data processing network) and adisplay adapter 4536 for connecting the bus 4512 to a display device4538.

[0407] An embodiment of the present invention may be written usingtraditional methodologies and programming languages, such as C, Pascal,BASIC or Fortran, or may be written using object oriented methodologiesand object-oriented programming languages, such as Java, C++, C#, Pythonor Smalltalk. Object oriented programming (OOP) has become increasinglyused to develop complex applications. As OOP moves toward the mainstreamof software design and development, various software solutions requireadaptation to make use of the benefits of OOP. A need exists for theseprinciples of OOP to be applied to a messaging interface of anelectronic messaging system such that a set of OOP classes and objectsfor the messaging interface can be provided.

[0408] OOP is a process of developing computer software using objects,including the steps of analyzing the problem, designing the system, andconstructing the program. An object is a software package that containsboth data and a collection of related structures and procedures. Sinceit contains both data and a collection of structures and procedures, itcan be visualized as a self-sufficient component that does not requireother additional structures, procedures or data to perform its specifictask. OOP, therefore, views a computer program as a collection oflargely autonomous components, called objects, each of which isresponsible for a specific task. This concept of packaging data,structures, and procedures together in one component or module is calledencapsulation.

[0409] In general, OOP components are reusable software modules whichpresent an interface that conforms to an object model and which areaccessed at run-time through a component integration architecture. Acomponent integration architecture is a set of architecture mechanismswhich allow software modules in different process spaces to utilize eachothers capabilities or functions. This is generally done by assuming acommon component object model on which to build the architecture. It isworthwhile to differentiate between an object and a class of objects atthis point. An object is a single instance of the class of objects,which is often just called a class. A class of objects can be viewed asa blueprint, from which many objects can be formed.

[0410] OOP allows the programmer to create an object that is a part ofanother object. For example, the object representing a piston engine issaid to have a composition-relationship with the object representing apiston. In reality, a piston engine comprises a piston, valves and manyother components; the fact that a piston is an element of a pistonengine can be logically and semantically represented in OOP by twoobjects.

[0411] OOP also allows creation of an object that “depends from” anotherobject. If there are two objects, one representing a piston engine andthe other representing a piston engine wherein the piston is made ofceramic, then the relationship between the two objects is not that ofcomposition. A ceramic piston engine does not make up a piston engine.Rather it is merely one kind of piston engine that has one morelimitation than the piston engine; its piston is made of ceramic. Inthis case, the object representing the ceramic piston engine is called aderived object, and it inherits all of the aspects of the objectrepresenting the piston engine and adds further limitation or detail toit. The object representing the ceramic piston engine “depends from” theobject representing the piston engine. The relationship between theseobjects is called inheritance.

[0412] When the object or class representing the ceramic piston engineinherits all of the aspects of the objects representing the pistonengine, it inherits the thermal characteristics of a standard pistondefined in the piston engine class. However, the ceramic piston engineobject overrides these ceramic specific thermal characteristics, whichare typically different from those associated with a metal piston. Itskips over the original and uses new functions related to ceramicpistons. Different kinds of piston engines have differentcharacteristics, but may have the same underlying functions associatedwith it (e.g., how many pistons in the engine, ignition sequences,lubrication, etc.). To access each of these functions in any pistonengine object, a programmer would call the same functions with the samenames, but each type of piston engine may have different/overridingimplementations of functions behind the same name. This ability to hidedifferent implementations of a function behind the same name is calledpolymorphism and it greatly simplifies communication among objects.

[0413] With the concepts of composition-relationship, encapsulation,inheritance and polymorphism, an object can represent just aboutanything in the real world. In fact, one's logical perception of thereality is the only limit on determining the kinds of things that canbecome objects in object-oriented software. Some typical categories areas follows:

[0414] Objects can represent physical objects, such as automobiles in atraffic-flow simulation, electrical components in a circuit-designprogram, countries in an economics model, or aircraft in anair-traffic-control system.

[0415] Objects can represent elements of the computer-user environmentsuch as windows, menus or graphics objects.

[0416] An object can represent an inventory, such as a personnel file ora table of the latitudes and longitudes of cities.

[0417] An object can represent user-defined data types such as time,angles, and complex numbers, or points on the plane.

[0418] With this enormous capability of an object to represent justabout any logically separable matters, OOP allows the software developerto design and implement a computer program that is a model of someaspects of reality, whether that reality is a physical entity, aprocess, a system, or a composition of matter. Since the object canrepresent anything, the software developer can create an object whichcan be used as a component in a larger software project in the future.

[0419] If 90% of a new OOP software program consists of proven, existingcomponents made from preexisting reusable objects, then only theremaining 10% of the new software project has to be written and testedfrom scratch. Since 90% already came from an inventory of extensivelytested reusable objects, the potential domain from which an error couldoriginate is 10% of the program. As a result, OOP enables softwaredevelopers to build objects out of other, previously built objects.

[0420] This process closely resembles complex machinery being built outof assemblies and sub-assemblies. OOP technology, therefore, makessoftware engineering more like hardware engineering in that software isbuilt from existing components, which are available to the developer asobjects. All this adds up to an improved quality of the software as wellas an increased speed of its development.

[0421] Programming languages are beginning to fully support the OOPprinciples, such as encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, andcomposition-relationship. With the advent of the C++ language, manycommercial software developers have embraced OOP. C++ is an OOP languagethat offers a fast, machine-executable code. Furthermore, C++ issuitable for both commercial-application and systems-programmingprojects. For now, C++ appears to be the most popular choice among manyOOP programmers, but there is a host of other OOP languages, such asSmalltalk, Common Lisp Object System (CLOS), and Eiffel. Additionally,OOP capabilities are being added to more traditional popular computerprogramming languages such as Pascal.

[0422] The benefits of object classes can be summarized, as follows:

[0423] Objects and their corresponding classes break down complexprogramming problems into many smaller, simpler problems.

[0424] Encapsulation enforces data abstraction through the organizationof data into small, independent objects that can communicate with eachother. Encapsulation protects the data in an object from accidentaldamage, but allows other objects to interact with that data by callingthe object's member functions and structures.

[0425] Subclassing and inheritance make it possible to extend and modifyobjects through deriving new kinds of objects from the standard classesavailable in the system. Thus, new capabilities are created withouthaving to start from scratch.

[0426] Polymorphism and multiple inheritance make it possible fordifferent programmers to mix and match characteristics of many differentclasses and create specialized objects that can still work with relatedobjects in predictable ways.

[0427] Class hierarchies and containment hierarchies provide a flexiblemechanism for modeling real-world objects and the relationships amongthem.

[0428] Libraries of reusable classes are useful in many situations, butthey also have some limitations. For example:

[0429] Complexity. In a complex system, the class hierarchies forrelated classes can become extremely confusing, with many dozens or evenhundreds of classes.

[0430] Flow of control. A program written with the aid of classlibraries is still responsible for the flow of control (i.e., it mustcontrol the interactions among all the objects created from a particularlibrary). The programmer has to decide which functions to call at whattimes for which kinds of objects.

[0431] Duplication of effort. Although class libraries allow programmersto use and reuse many small pieces of code, each programmer puts thosepieces together in a different way. Two different programmers can usethe same set of class libraries to write two programs that do exactlythe same thing but whose internal structure (i.e., design) may be quitedifferent, depending on hundreds of small decisions each programmermakes along the way. Inevitably, similar pieces of code end up doingsimilar things in slightly different ways and do not work as welltogether as they should.

[0432] Class libraries are very flexible. As programs grow more complex,more programmers are forced to reinvent basic solutions to basicproblems over and over again. A relatively new extension of the classlibrary concept is to have a framework of class libraries. Thisframework is more complex and consists of significant collections ofcollaborating classes that capture both the small scale patterns andmajor mechanisms that implement the common requirements and design in aspecific application domain. They were first developed to freeapplication programmers from the chores involved in displaying menus,windows, dialog boxes, and other standard user interface elements forpersonal computers.

[0433] Frameworks also represent a change in the way programmers thinkabout the interaction between the code they write and code written byothers. In the early days of procedural programming, the programmercalled libraries provided by the operating system to perform certaintasks, but basically the program executed down the page from start tofinish, and the programmer was solely responsible for the flow ofcontrol. This was appropriate for printing out paychecks, calculating amathematical table, or solving other problems with a program thatexecuted in just one way.

[0434] The development of graphical user interfaces began to turn thisprocedural programming arrangement inside out. These interfaces allowthe user, rather than program logic, to drive the program and decidewhen certain actions should be performed. Today, most personal computersoftware accomplishes this by means of an event loop which monitors themouse, keyboard, and other sources of external events and calls theappropriate parts of the programmer's code according to actions that theuser performs. The programmer no longer determines the order in whichevents occur. Instead, a program is divided into separate pieces thatare called at unpredictable times and in an unpredictable order. Byrelinquishing control in this way to users, the developer creates aprogram that is much easier to use. Nevertheless, individual pieces ofthe program written by the developer still call libraries provided bythe operating system to accomplish certain tasks, and the programmermust still determine the flow of control within each piece after it'scalled by the event loop. Application code still “sits on top of” thesystem.

[0435] Even event loop programs require programmers to write a lot ofcode that should not need to be written separately for everyapplication. The concept of an application framework carries the eventloop concept further. Instead of dealing with all the nuts and bolts ofconstructing basic menus, windows, and dialog boxes and then makingthese things all work together, programmers using application frameworksstart with working application code and basic user interface elements inplace. Subsequently, they build from there by replacing some of thegeneric capabilities of the framework with the specific capabilities ofthe intended application.

[0436] Application frameworks reduce the total amount of code that aprogrammer has to write from scratch. However, because the framework isreally a generic application that displays windows, supports copy andpaste, and so on, the programmer can also relinquish control to agreater degree than event loop programs permit. The framework code takescare of almost all event handling and flow of control, and theprogrammer's code is called only when the framework needs it (e.g., tocreate or manipulate a proprietary data structure).

[0437] A programmer writing a framework program not only relinquishescontrol to the user (as is also true for event loop programs), but alsorelinquishes the detailed flow of control within the program to theframework. This approach allows the creation of more complex systemsthat work together in interesting ways, as opposed to isolated programs,having custom code, being created over and over again for similarproblems.

[0438] Thus, as is explained above, a framework basically is acollection of cooperating classes that make up a reusable designsolution for a given problem domain. It typically includes objects thatprovide default behavior (e.g., for menus and windows), and programmersuse it by inheriting some of that default behavior and overriding otherbehavior so that the framework calls application code at the appropriatetimes.

[0439] There are three main differences between frameworks and classlibraries:

[0440] Behavior versus protocol. Class libraries are essentiallycollections of behaviors that can be called when those individualbehaviors are desired in the program. A framework, on the other hand,provides not only behavior but also the protocol or set of rules thatgovern the ways in which behaviors can be combined, including rules forwhat a programmer is supposed to provide versus what the frameworkprovides.

[0441] Call versus override. With a class library, the code theprogrammer instantiates objects and calls their member functions. It'spossible to instantiate and call objects in the same way with aframework (i.e., to treat the framework as a class library), but to takefull advantage of a framework's reusable design, a programmer typicallywrites code that overrides and is called by the framework. The frameworkmanages the flow of control among its objects. Writing a programinvolves dividing responsibilities among the various pieces of softwarethat are called by the framework rather than specifying how thedifferent pieces should work together.

[0442] Implementation versus design. With class libraries, programmersreuse only implementations, whereas with frameworks, they reuse design.A framework embodies the way a family of related programs or pieces ofsoftware work. It represents a generic design solution that can beadapted to a variety of specific problems in a given domain. Forexample, a single framework can embody the way a user interface works,even though two different user interfaces created with the sameframework might solve quite different interface problems.

[0443] Thus, through the development of frameworks for solutions tovarious problems and programming tasks, significant reductions in thedesign and development effort for software can be achieved. A preferredembodiment of the invention utilizes HyperText Markup Language (HTML) toimplement documents on the Internet together with a general-purposesecure communication protocol for a transport medium between the clientand the server. Information on these products is available in T.Berners-Lee, D. Connoly, “RFC 1866: Hypertext Markup Language—2.0” (Nov.1995); and R. Fielding, H, Frystyk, T. Berners-Lee, J. Gettys and J. C.Mogul, “Hypertext Transfer Protocol——HTTP/1.1: HTTP Working GroupInternet Draft” (May 2, 1996). HTML is a simple data format used tocreate hypertext documents that are portable from one platform toanother. SGML documents are documents with generic semantics that areappropriate for representing information from a wide range of domainsand are HTML compatible. HTML has been in use by the World-Wide Webglobal information initiative since 1990. HTML is an application of ISOStandard 8879; 1986 Information Processing Text and Office Systems;Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).

[0444] XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a flexible way to createcommon information formats and share both the format and the data on theWorld Wide Web, intranets, and elsewhere. For example, computer makersmight agree on a standard or common way to describe the informationabout a computer product (processor speed, memory size, and so forth)and then describe the product information format with XML. Such astandard way of describing data would enable a user to send anintelligent agent (a program) to each computer maker's Web site, gatherdata, and then make a valid comparison. XML can be used by anyindividual or group of individuals or companies that wants to shareinformation in a consistent way.

[0445] XML, a formal recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C), is similar to the language of today's Web pages, the HypertextMarkup Language (HTML). Both XML and HTML contain markup symbols todescribe the contents of a page or file. HTML, however, describes thecontent of a Web page (mainly text and graphic images) only in terms ofhow it is to be displayed and interacted with. For example, the letter“p” placed within markup tags starts a new paragraph. XML describes thecontent in terms of what data is being described. For example, the word“phonenum” placed within markup tags could indicate that the data thatfollowed was a phone number. This means that an XML file can beprocessed purely as data by a program or it can be stored with similardata on another computer or, like an HTML file, that it can bedisplayed. For example, depending on how the application in thereceiving computer wanted to handle the phone number, it could bestored, displayed, or dialed. XML is “extensible” because, unlike HTML,the markup symbols are unlimited and self-defining. XML is actually asimpler and easier-to-use subset of the Standard Generalized MarkupLanguage (SGML), the standard for how to create a document structure. Itis expected that HTML and XML will be used together in many Webapplications. XML markup, for example, may appear within an HTML page.

[0446] To date, Web development tools have been limited in their abilityto create dynamic Web applications which span from client to server andinteroperate with existing computing resources. Until recently, HTML hasbeen the dominant technology used in development of Web-based solutions.However, HTML has proven to be inadequate in the following areas:

[0447] Poor performance;

[0448] Restricted user interface capabilities;

[0449] Can only produce static Web pages;

[0450] Lack of interoperability with existing applications and data; and

[0451] Inability to scale.

[0452] Sun Microsystems's Java language solves many of the client-sideproblems by:

[0453] Improving performance on the client side;

[0454] Enabling the creation of dynamic, real-time Web applications; and

[0455] Providing the ability to create a wide variety of user interfacecomponents.

[0456] With Java, developers can create robust User Interface (UI)components. Custom “widgets” (e.g., real-time stock tickers, animatedicons, etc.) can be created, and client-side performance is improved.Unlike HTML, Java supports the notion of client-side validation,offloading appropriate processing onto the client for improvedperformance. Dynamic, real-time Web pages can be created. Using theabove-mentioned custom UI components, dynamic Web pages can also becreated.

[0457] Sun's Java language has emerged as an industry-recognizedlanguage for “programming the Internet.” Sun defines Java as: “a simple,object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure,architecture-neutral, portable, high-performance, multithreaded,dynamic, buzzword-compliant, general-purpose programming language. Javasupports programming for the Internet in the form ofplatform-independent Java applets.” Java applets are small, specializedapplications that comply with Sun's Java Application ProgrammingInterface (API) allowing developers to add “interactive content” to Webdocuments (e.g., simple animations, page adornments, basic games, etc.).Applets execute within a Java-compatible browser (e.g., NetscapeNavigator) by copying code from the server to client. From a languagestandpoint, Java's core feature set is based on C++. Sun's Javaliterature states that Java is basically, “C++ with extensions fromObjective C for more dynamic method resolution.”

[0458] Another technology that provides similar function to Java isprovided by Microsoft and ActiveX Technologies, to give developers andWeb designers wherewithal to build dynamic content for the Internet andpersonal computers. ActiveX includes tools for developing animation, 3-Dvirtual reality, video and other multimedia content. The tools useInternet standards, work on multiple platforms, and are being supportedby over 100 companies. The group's building blocks are called ActiveXControls, small, fast components that enable developers to embed partsof software in hypertext markup language (HTML) pages. ActiveX Controlswork with a variety of programming languages including Microsoft VisualC++, Borland Delphi, Microsoft Visual Basic programming system and, inthe future, Microsoft's development tool for Java, code named “Jakarta.”ActiveX Technologies also includes ActiveX Server Framework, allowingdevelopers to create server applications. One of ordinary skill in theart readily recognizes that ActiveX could be substituted for Javawithout undue experimentation to practice the invention.

[0459] Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is abasic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also beused as a communications protocol in the private networks calledintranet and in extranet. When one is set up with direct access to theInternet, his or her computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IPprogram just as every other computer that he or she may send messages toor get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP.

[0460] TCP/IP comprises a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer andan Internet Protocol (IP) layer. TCP manages the assembling of series ofpackets from a message or file for transmission of packets over theinternet from a source host to a destination host. IP handles theaddressing of packets to provide for the delivery of each packet fromthe source host to the destination host. Host computers on a network,receive packets analyze the addressing of the packet If the hostcomputer is not the destination the host attempts to route the packet byforwarding it to another host that is closer in some sense to thepacket's destination. While some packets may be routed differentlythrough a series of interim host computers than others, TCP and IPprovides for the packets to be correctly reassembled at the ultimatedestination.

[0461] TCP/IP uses a client/server model of communication in which acomputer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such assending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network.TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning eachcommunication is from one point (or host computer) in the network toanother point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applicationsthat use it are collectively said to be “stateless” because each clientrequest is considered a new request unrelated to any previous one(unlike ordinary phone conversations that require a dedicated connectionfor the call duration). Being stateless frees network paths so thateveryone can use them continuously (note that the TCP layer itself isnot stateless as far as any one message is concerned. Its connectionremains in place until all packets in a message have been received.).

[0462] Many Internet users are familiar with the even higher layerapplication protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. Theseinclude the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), theFile Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet which lets one logon to remotecomputers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and otherprotocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a “suite.”

[0463] Personal computer users usually get to the Internet through theSerial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol.These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent overa dial-up phone connection to an access provider's modem.

[0464] Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol(UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes. Otherprotocols are used by network host computers for exchanging routerinformation. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP),the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

[0465] Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)is a networking protocol fromNovell that interconnects networks that use Novell's NetWare clients andservers. IPX is a datagram or packet protocol. IPX works at the networklayer of communication protocols and is connectionless (that is, itdoesn't require that a connection be maintained during an exchange ofpackets as, for example, a regular voice phone call does).

[0466] Packet acknowledgment is managed by another Novell protocol, theSequenced Packet Exchange (SPX). Other related Novell NetWare protocolsare: the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), the Service AdvertisingProtocol (SAP), and the NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP).

[0467] A virtual private network (VPN) is a private data network thatmakes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintainingprivacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.A virtual private network can be contrasted with a system of owned orleased lines that can only be used by one company. The idea of the VPNis to give the company the same capabilities at much lower cost by usingthe shared public infrastructure rather than a private one. Phonecompanies have provided secure shared resources for voice messages. Avirtual private network makes it possible to have the same securesharing of public resources for data.

[0468] Using a virtual private network involves encryption data beforesending it through the public network and decrypting it at the receivingend. An additional level of security involves encrypting not only thedata but also the originating and receiving network addresses.Microsoft, 3Com, and several other companies have developed thePoint-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Microsoft has extendedWindows NT to support it. VPN software is typically installed as part ofa company's firewall server.

[0469] Wireless refers to a communications, monitoring, or controlsystem in which electromagnetic radiation spectrum or acoustic wavescarry a signal through atmospheric space rather than along a wire. Inmost wireless systems, radio frequency (RF) or infrared transmission(IR) waves are used. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms,employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing.

[0470] Early experimenters in electromagnetic physics dreamed ofbuilding a so-called wireless telegraph. The first wireless telegraphtransmitters went on the air in the early years of the 20th century.Later, as amplitude modulation (AM) made it possible to transmit voicesand music via wireless, the medium came to be called radio. With theadvent of television, fax, data communication, and the effective use ofa larger portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, the original term hasbeen brought to life again.

[0471] Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include theGlobal Positioning System, cellular telephone phones and pagers,cordless computer accessories (for example, the cordless mouse),home-entertainment-system control boxes, remote garage-door openers,two-way radios, and baby monitors. An increasing number of companies andorganizations are using wireless LAN. Wireless transceivers areavailable for connection to portable and notebook computers, allowingInternet access in selected cities without the need to locate atelephone jack. Eventually, it will be possible to link any computer tothe Internet via satellites no matter where in the world the computermight be located.

[0472] Bluetooth is a computing and telecommunications industryspecification that describes how mobile phones, computers, and personaldigital assistants (PDA's) can easily interconnect with each other andwith home and business phones and computers using a short-range wirelessconnection. Each device is equipped with a microchip transceiver thattransmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45 GHzthat is available globally (with some variation of bandwidth indifferent countries). In addition to data, up to three voice channelsare available. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802standard. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximumrange is 10 meters. Data can be presently be exchanged at a rate of 1megabit per second (up to 2 Mbps in the second generation of thetechnology). A frequency hop scheme allows devices to communicate evenin areas with a great deal of electromagnetic interference. Built-inencryption and verification is provided.

[0473] Encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called aciphertext, that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people.Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into itsoriginal form, so it can be understood.

[0474] The use of encryption/decryption is as old as the art ofcommunication. In wartime, a cipher, often incorrectly called a “code,”can be employed to keep the enemy from obtaining the contents oftransmissions (technically, a code is a means of representing a signalwithout the intent of keeping it secret; examples are Morse code andASCII). Simple ciphers include the substitution of letters for numbers,the rotation of letters in the alphabet, and the “scrambling” of voicesignals by inverting the sideband frequencies. More complex ciphers workaccording to sophisticated computer algorithm that rearrange the databits in digital signals.

[0475] In order to easily recover the contents of an encrypted signal,the correct decryption key is required. The key is an algorithm that“undoes” the work of the encryption algorithm. Alternatively, a computercan be used in an attempt to “break” the cipher. The more complex theencryption algorithm, the more difficult it becomes to eavesdrop on thecommunications without access to the key.

[0476] Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) is an Internet encryption andauthentication system that uses an algorithm developed in 1977 by RonRivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. The RSA algorithm is a commonlyused encryption and authentication algorithm and is included as part ofthe Web browser from Netscape and Microsoft. It's also part of LotusNotes, Intuit's Quicken, and many other products. The encryption systemis owned by RSA Security.

[0477] The RSA algorithm involves multiplying two large prime numbers (aprime number is a number divisible only by that number and 1) andthrough additional operations deriving a set of two numbers thatconstitutes the public key and another set that is the private key. Oncethe keys have been developed, the original prime numbers are no longerimportant and can be discarded. Both the public and the private keys areneeded for encryption/decryption but only the owner of a private keyever needs to know it. Using the RSA system, the private key never needsto be sent across the Internet.

[0478] The private key is used to decrypt text that has been encryptedwith the public key. Thus, if User A sends User B a message, User A canfind out User B's public key (but not User B's private key) from acentral administrator and encrypt a message to User B using User B'spublic key. When User B receives it, User B decrypts it with User B'sprivate key. In addition to encrypting messages (which ensures privacy),User B can authenticate himself to User A (so User A knows that it isreally User B who sent the message) by using User B's private key toencrypt a digital certificate. When User A receives it, User A can useUser B's public key to decrypt it.

[0479] Communication

[0480] Data collection and dissemination is preferably accomplished overa network such as the Internet.

[0481]FIG. 46 is a flowchart of a process 4630 for providingnetwork-based supply chain communication between participants in thesupply chain such as stores, distributors, suppliers, a supply chainmanager, and an office of the supply chain manager. Invoice level salesdata is transmitted from the supplier to the supply chain managerutilizing a network in operation 4632. Gross purchase data is sent fromthe distributors to the supply chain manager utilizing the network inoperation 4634. Daily sales data is communicated from the stores to theoffice of the supply chain manager utilizing the network in operation4636 and total menu item sales data is transmitted from the office ofthe supply chain manager to the supply chain manager utilizing thenetwork in operation 4638.

[0482] In an aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the stores, the distributors, the suppliers, the supply chainmanager, and the office of the supply chain manager communicateutilizing a network-based interface. In a further aspect, the grosspurchase data includes monthly gross purchase data. In one aspect, thesupply chain manager manages the distributors.

[0483]FIG. 47 is a flowchart of a process 4730 for providingnetwork-based supply chain communication between participants in thesupply chain such as stores, distributors, suppliers, a supply chainmanager, and an office of the supply chain manager. Invoice level salesdata is transmitted from the supplier to the supply chain managerutilizing a network in operation 4732. Invoice level sales data is sentfrom the distributors to the supply chain manager utilizing the networkin operation 4734. Daily sales data is communicated from the stores tothe office of the supply chain manager utilizing the network inoperation 4736. Daily sales data is transmitted from the office of thesupply chain manager to the supply chain manager utilizing the networkin operation 4738. The daily sales data is organized based on the storesfrom which the daily sales data originated.

[0484] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the stores, the distributors, the suppliers, the supply chainmanager, and the office of the supply chain manager communicateutilizing a network-based interface. In a further aspect, the grosspurchase data includes monthly gross purchase data. In an additionalaspect, the supply chain manager manages the distributors.

[0485] EMail Capability

[0486] An E-mail system can be used to report information if externalmail capabilities that support the Internet are present. Any existingInternet account can be used, as can one from a value added serviceprovider (e.g. America On-line, Compuserv, Microsoft Network, etc.). Ifthere are no existing E-Mail capabilities, an account can be establishedwith an Internet Service Provider.

[0487] SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used insending and receiving e-mail. However, since it's limited in its abilityto queue messages at the receiving end, it's usually used with one oftwo other protocols, POP3 or Internet Message Access Protocol, that letthe user save messages in a server mailbox and download themperiodically from the server. In other words, users typically use aprogram that uses SMTP for sending e-mail and either POP3 or MAP forreceiving messages that have been received for them at their localserver. Most mail programs such as Eudora let you specify both an SMTPserver and a POP server. On UNIX-based systems, sendmail is the mostwidely-used SMTP server for e-mail. A commercial package, Sendmail,includes a POP3 server and also comes in a version for Windows NT.

[0488] The next step is testing E-mail connectivity by sending a messageto Supply Chain management's Test Mailbox. A response is made (via othercommunications means) in the event the E-mail transmission is notreceived. A reply to the message via E-mail is made once successfullyreceived. As an option, a file attachment (any text-ASCII file) can beincluded to verify the ability to send messages with separate fileattachments.

[0489] After receiving confirmation concerning a successful TestMessage, an actual data file (created from the Franchisee InformationLayout section, below) is sent to the TEST Mailbox. After receivingconfirmation concerning successful processing of the Test data, anotification is sent to begin Production reporting according to thereporting period specified in the Franchisee Information Layout section.

[0490] Franchisee Information Layout

[0491] Table 1 sets forth Illustrative daily POS data elements TABLE 1Fld # Data Element Name Type Size Column(s) Example Req 00 Record TypeID 3 001-003 FR1 M 01 Item Number ID 10 004-013 12645 M 02 ItemDescription AN 20 014-033 burger M patty 03 Period Date DT 8 034-04119990601 M 04 Retail Outlet ID 4 042-045 0107 M Number 05 Total Sales $N2 6 046-051 3264.50 M 06 Total Quantity NO 5 052-056 1034 M

[0492] Example: This example should be one line. Field justification isirrelevant.      1     2     3     4     512345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456FR112645  whopper patty     1999060101073264501034

[0493] General Implementation Information

[0494] The following information is a guideline for the requested datafiles.

[0495] Record Type:

[0496] All records that are similar are considered a logical group ofdata. Each record in a group has a unique identifier called a RecordType consisting of three alphanumeric characters. This should be placedbefore the first field of each record (see the Example above in theFranchisee Information Layout section), and repeated on each row.

[0497] Field:

[0498] A Field can represent a qualifier, a value, or text (such as adescription). A Field can be thought of as a piece of data.

[0499] Record:

[0500] Each row of data is a Record. To allow for future expansion,Records can be padded to any length.

[0501] Field Number:

[0502] Based upon the sequential position assignment of a Field in theRecord, each Field assumes a unique or numeric location for each Record.The value of the FLD# column represents the position within the Recordwhere the individual Field appears (i.e., FLD#01 will be the first Fieldfollowing the Record Type, FLD#02 will be the second Field following theRecord Type, etc.).

[0503] Fields:

[0504] Fields can be either left or right justified. The Record Typeshould always precede the first field. All Fields should completely filltheir column sizes (pad with spaces).

[0505] Field Types: AN Alpha/Numeric—Should not be enclosed in quotes(e.g. FXD- 4543). Nn Numeric with n decimal places—Symbolized by thetwo-position representation Nn. N indicates a numeric, and n indicatesthe decimal places to the right of a fixed decimal point. This shouldnot contain dollar signs or commas, but may contain decimal points (e.g.N2 for $4,255.50 is 4255.50; N0 for $4,255.50 is 4256). This should berounded to the respective decimal place (e.g. N2 for $4,255.506 is4255.51). For negative values, a leading minus sign (−) is used (e.g. N2for $−12.42 is −12.42). Left- padding with zeroes is optional (e.g. 4532could be either 4532 or 004532). ID Identifier Value—May containalpha/numeric data restricted to a list of possible values. DT DateValue—Format for the date type is CCYYMMDD, where CC indicates century,YY is the last two digits of the year (00-99), MM is the numeric valueof the month (01-12), and DD is the numeric value of the day (01-31). TMTime Value—Format for the time type is HHMMSS. HH is the numericexpression of the hour (00-23), MM is the numeric expression of theminute (00-59), SS is the numeric expression of the second (00-59), andd..d is the numeric expression of the decimal seconds. This fields maybe relevant for EDI formats.

[0506] Size:

[0507] The minus sign and the decimal point are counted when determiningthe length of the data element (Field) value.

[0508] Column(s):

[0509] Specifies the column numbers allocated to a particular Field.

[0510] Requirement (Req):

[0511] M—Mandatory This field must be present

[0512] C—Conditional This field is present based on a condition

[0513] O—Optional This field may become Mandatory or

[0514] R—Reserved Reserved for future use

[0515] File Format.

[0516] All files can be requested in a fixed-length ASCII format.Programmatically, these are simple to produce. Many PC applicationsinclude an export utility which allows specification of column widthsand formats. When using spreadsheet applications, column widths andformats may have to be pre-set to produce the desired results. EmptyFields can be filled with spaces.

[0517] Compression.

[0518] Files can be compressed. Compressing files will typically reducefile sizes to some 20% of their initial size. Preferably, the systemsupports the use of ZIP files created from a PC. Before transmission,all files would be compressed into one ZIP file using PKZIP, a filecompression package available from most software sources.

Secure Web Portal

[0519]FIG. 48 is a flowchart of a process 4830 for providing arestaurant supply chain management interface framework. A user isallowed to link to a plurality of restaurant interfaces includinginformation relating to at least one distributor in operation 4832. Oneor more distributor links are then displayed on each restaurantinterface in operation 4834 with each distributor link capable oflinking to a distributor interface including information relating to atleast one supplier. At least one supplier link is additionally depictedon each distributor interface in operation 4836 with each supplier linkcapable of linking to a supplier interface.

[0520] In an aspect, all of the interfaces may be written in hypertextmark-up language. In another aspect, the information may identify thedistributors and the suppliers. In an additional aspect, the link mayinclude a hyperlink. In a further aspect, the linking may require theentry of an identification code.

Supply Chain Coordinator Web Site/Portal

[0521] In an embodiment of the present invention, a supply chaincoordinator web site may be provided to allow users easy access tospecific information that relates to their role in the restaurantmanagement system.

[0522] In one embodiment, users may be registered with the supply chainmanagement system. Upon registration, the user may then be able toaccess and partake some or all of the features of the supply chainmanagement system. The users can be registered based on informationregarding pre-existing relationships, based on new information, etc.Actual registration may be accomplished manually, via telephone, oronline for example. Some illustrative registration information that canbe collected may include, for example:

[0523] Identification of the user

[0524] User contact information

[0525] User function

[0526] Goods/Service Provider

[0527] Client/Customer

[0528] Billing/Payment Status

[0529] The users may be assigned to specific user groups based on theirfunction. Some exemplary user groups include:

[0530] Retail Outlet Members (e.g., Franchisees, Stores, etc.)

[0531] Suppliers

[0532] Distributors

[0533] Retail Outlet Managers

[0534] Retail Outlet Management Corporation

[0535] Supply Chain Coordinator

[0536] In addition, users may be linked to the specific retailers,distribution centers and Areas of Direct Influence (ADI's) with whichthey are involved.

[0537]FIG. 49 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary supply chaincoordinator web site start page 4900 in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the supply chaincoordinator web site start page 4900 is accessible via theInternet/World Wide Web. In such an embodiment, any Internet user canget to the supply chain coordinator web site start page. However,preferably, only a user with a valid pre-established user identificationcan log in to the site. The user identification (user name and password)assigns the user to the appropriate user group and links this user tothe appropriate retail outlets, distribution centers and ADI's.

[0538] Convenient links to other web sites (e.g., a retail managementcorporation web site such as, for example, the Burger King Corporationweb site, or the National Franchise Association web site) may beincluded on the supply chain coordinator start page.

[0539] In a preferred embodiment, to access the appropriate home pagefor a specific user group, the user may enter the designated user name4902 and password 4904 in the log in section near the top of the startpage and enters the appropriate site.

[0540]FIG. 50 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary supply chaincoordinator Members' Front Page 5000 in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. For supply chain coordinator Members, this frontpage 5000 may be a personalized with the user's name and a timelybusiness reminder 5002 being displayed on the page. A side panel 5004identifies the user group to which the user belongs and lists thoseoptions and reports available to the user. This information may also bedisplayed in a frame of the page. As illustrated in FIG. 50, someexemplary options/reports that may be displayed in the front page 5000include:

[0541] Local Promotions 5006—Contains options specific to those involvedwith local promotions including adding a new ADI promotion, creating anew promotion and viewing current and historical summary of promotionsby ADI

[0542] Franchisee 5008—Contains options specific to franchiseesincluding the electronic versions of the Red Book and the supply chaincoordinator Technology Guide to POS Systems

[0543] Reports 5010—Allows the user access to a list of reports thatprovide a wide range of information and enable users to perform theirjobs more efficiently.

[0544] Personal Info 5012—Allows users to maintain their passwords andto view and update their contact information.

[0545] Legal 5014—Contains details regarding the terms under whichsupply chain coordinator operates this site and users' obligations inusing the site.

[0546]FIG. 51 is a flowchart of a process 5130 for providing a supplierinterface. Utilizing a network, data is received from a plurality ofstores of a supply chain in operation 5132. This data relates to anamount of goods sold by the stores. The data is aggregated in a databasein operation 5134. Subsequently, a request is received from a supplierwhich includes a plurality of supplier parameters in operation 5136.Information from the database relevant to the supplier parameters isextracted in response to the request in operation 5138 and theinformation from the database is transmitted to the supplier utilizingthe network in operation 5140. Also, a supply of raw materials fromwhich the goods are produced is adjusted based on the information inoperation 5142. Note also that the amount/rate of finishing goods and/orsupplies can be adjusted based on the information.

[0547] In an aspect, the parameters relate to a forecasted amount of therequired goods. In another aspect, the network includes the Internet. Ina further aspect, the information is displayed utilizing a network-basedinterface. In one aspect, the stores include restaurants.

[0548]FIG. 52 is a flowchart of a process 5230 for providing adistributor interface. Data is received from a plurality of stores of asupply chain utilizing a network in operation 5232. This data relates toan amount of goods sold by the stores and is aggregated in a database inoperation 5234. Upon receiving a request which includes a plurality ofdistributor parameters from a distributor in operation 5236, informationis extracted in operation 5238 from the database relevant to thedistributor parameters in response to the request. The information isthen transmitted from the database to the distributor utilizing thenetwork in operation 5240 and an amount of raw materials purchased incorrelation to the production of the goods is adjusted based on theinformation in operation 5242.

[0549] In an aspect, the parameters relate to a forecasted amount of therequired goods to be delivered to the stores. In another aspect, thenetwork includes the Internet. In a further aspect, the information isdisplayed utilizing a network-based interface. In an additional aspect,the stores include restaurants.

[0550]FIG. 53 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary POS ImpliedDaily Usage-Distributor report 5300 that may be displayed in the supplychain coordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. This report provides distribution centers and supplychain coordinator with timely retail outlet sales information, here of arestaurant. This report 5300 uses menu items sales data collected dailyfrom a sample of restaurants served by each distribution center, andrecipes for each menu item, to calculate the estimated usage of eachinventory item at the distribution center level. In calculating thedata, average per restaurant unit sales of each menu item may becomputed based on the restaurants sampled and are then multiplied by thetotal number of restaurants served to determine implied total sales bymenu item.

[0551] This report 5300 may also include a daily total for eachinventory item for the past 14 days and weekly totals for the 4 weeksprior to the 14 days, as well as a calculation of prior day usage as apercentage of average daily usage for the past 14 days. In a preferredembodiment, this report 5300 may be recalculated daily. For example, inan exemplary, a report containing the prior day's sales can be availableafter 3 PM on the following business day.

[0552] Another report that may be displayed via the supply chaincoordinator web site is a service level report which lists eachdistribution center's fill rate, on-time percentage and the percentageof perfect orders. The service level report may also indicate how thefill rate, on-time and perfect order for each distribution centercompare to the minimum standards set by supply chain coordinator andrestaurant management corporation.

[0553]FIG. 54 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary localpromotion summary—by distribution center report 5400 that may bedisplayed in the supply chain coordinator web site in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. This report 5400 provides a summaryof all local promotional activity for a distribution center. For eachlocal promotion, the report 5400 may list each participating ADI, thedate the promotion started in that ADI, the projected daily sales of thepromotional menu item, per restaurant (or other retailer), for the ADI,and how many weeks the promotion will run in that ADI.

[0554] The local promotion summary—by distribution center report 5400may also show how many restaurants in the ADI, which are served by thedistribution center, are participating in the promotion, and lists thespecific restaurant management company's restaurant numbers forrestaurants not participating in the promotion (see “Non-ParticipatingRestaurants” column).

[0555]FIG. 55 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary POS implieddaily usage—supplier report 5500 that may be displayed in the supplychain coordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. This report 5500 provides timely restaurant salesinformation based on actual restaurant sales to suppliers, supply chaincoordinator and supply chain coordinator members. The POS implied dailyusage-supplier report 5500 may also use menu item sales data collecteddaily from a sample of restaurants served by each distribution center,and recipes for each menu item, to calculate the estimated usage of eachinventory item provided by the supplier. Usage may be calculated andpresented at the distribution center level and totaled by FOB point.

[0556] In calculating the data, the average per restaurant unit sales ofeach menu item are computed based on the restaurants sampled, and thenmultiplied by the total number of restaurants served to determineimplied total sales by menu item. The report 5500 may include:

[0557] a daily total for each inventory item for the past 14 days

[0558] weekly totals for the 4 weeks prior to the 14 days

[0559] a calculation of prior day usage as a percentage of average dailyusage for the past 14 days

[0560] In a preferred embodiment, the POS implied daily usage—supplierreport 5500 may be recalculated daily. For example, a report containingthe prior day's sales can be available after 3 PM on the followingbusiness day.

[0561] Another report that may be displayed via the supply chaincoordinator web site is an average restaurant daily POS sales reportwhich provides average restaurant daily menu item sales grouped bycategory and indicates the changes from a prior period. In a preferredembodiment, this report may be recalculated daily. For example, anaverage restaurant daily POS sales report containing the prior day'ssales can be available after 3 PM on the following business day from theday the information was obtained.

[0562]FIG. 56 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary restaurantlanded cost verification report 5600 that may be displayed in the supplychain coordinator web site in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. The purpose of the restaurant landed costverification report 5600 is to inform restaurant operators, for productsnegotiated by supply chain coordinator, of the contract prices at theirback door. In an exemplary embodiment, this report may list:

[0563] the inventory item supplied by the distribution center with thedistribution center's cost (see “DC Cost” column)

[0564] the markup amount supply chain coordinator negotiated on behalfof the franchisee (see “Markup” column) and

[0565] the resulting total landed cost as of a specified date (see “RestCost” column).

[0566] In a preferred embodiment, only inventory items that supply chaincoordinator purchases are included. Also, if a franchisee has notappointed supply chain coordinator as supply chain manager, only thedistribution center cost will be available in the report and thefranchisee may add the mark up as per the franchisee's contract with thedistributor. Like the other reports available via the supply chaincoordinator web site, the restaurant landed cost verification report5600 may be recalculated daily and may be printed at any time for anydate.

[0567]FIG. 57 is a flowchart of a process 5730 for navigating a user ina network-based supply chain management interface. A plurality ofstores, distributors and suppliers of a supply chain are registeredutilizing the Internet in operation 5732. Each of the stores,distributors and suppliers is assigned an identifier in operation 5734.When a request (which includes an identifier) is received from a userfor access to a database utilizing a first web-page in operation 5736,the user is identified as a store, distributor and/or supplier using theidentifier in operation 5738. A second web-page is displayed if the useris identified as a store. A third web-page is displayed if the user isidentified as a distributor. A fourth web-page is displayed if the useris identified as a supplier (see operation 5740).

[0568] This provides a degree of confidentiality among competitors whoare supply chain participants. Because many of the participants may needto disclose trade secrets to the supply chain manager, such as prices,sources of raw materials, and quantity data, they may be wary ofjoining. By providing a separate interface on a per-participant basis,trade secretes are protected, and competitors are more likely to join.Further, this avoids antitrust issues, as sales information can be keptsecret to all but the supply chain coordinator.

[0569] In one aspect, the database may include data representative ofsales by the stores. As another aspect, the database may include datarepresentative of goods ordered by the stores. As an additional aspect,the database may include data representative of goods delivered by thedistributors. As a further aspect, the database may include datarepresentative of goods in an inventory of the suppliers. Also, the datamay be displayed in each of the web-pages utilizing the Internet.

[0570] The following sections describe the secure Integrated SupplyChain web portal. The secure web-enabled integrated supply chain portalallows supply chain management to offer supply chain services within amember community.

[0571] The sub-sections that follow describe the security processrecommendations, policies, functionality, system requirements, usercommunities, and technical and organizational issues that need to beaddressed during the subsequent design, development and implementationphases.

[0572] The specifications contained herein express the Integrated SupplyChain web portal preferred Critical-To-Quality (CTQ) factors. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that actual implementation of therequirements may differ from that described without straying from thescope of the invention, as the CTQ criteria may evolve and adapt tomarket conditions or other influences on their strategic vision anddirection.

[0573] The recommendations include major functional requirements,interfaces, and infrastructure as well as the non-functionalrequirements (systems and organizational attributes). It includesfunctional and system needs.

Integrated Supply Chain Web Portal

[0574] One goal of the present invention is to enhance Supply Chainmanagement services to improve the efficiency of their member's supplychain.

[0575] The underlying concept of electronic commerce (EC) is to useinformation to displace time and cost in the supply chain. TheIntegrated Supply Chain Management system (ISCM) portal functions as theelectronic commerce facilitator in the supply chain by efficientlycollecting, transporting, transforming and sharing information acrossthe enterprise.

[0576]FIG. 58 depicts a high level view of ISCM communications accordingto an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. The ISCM 5800provide two capabilities. The first is to distribute consumption andforecast data to the supply chain participants (franchisees 5802,distributors 5804, suppliers 5806, and raw material suppliers 5808) thatcan use it to effective plan purchases and inventory. The second is toautomate restaurant ordering (food and packing, equipment andpromotions, etc.).

[0577] The process works as follows. Restaurants send detailed menusales information to the ISCM each day from their point of sale (POS)registers. The POS data is converted from menu sales data to materialusage data. Specifically a recipe or bill of materials is used toconvert each menu item into its purchased components (e.g. bun, meat,wrapper, etc.). The usage data is made available to the supply chain viathe ISCM portal. The data is made available to the portal community inthe following forms. Distributors see the daily usage of the materialsthey supply to the restaurants they service. Additionally this usagewill be broken down by their distribution center locations. Supplierssee the daily usage of the products/commodities that they supply to thedistributors who service the restaurants. Additionally this usage willbe broken down by their plant locations. The franchisee and individualrestaurants can view sales in the contexts of material usage.

[0578] The restaurants can enter orders and send them to the distributorelectronically via the ISCM portal. This information enables the entiresupply chain to better plan inventory stocking levels andreplenishments. This improved planning results in several supply chainefficiencies and benefits. Waste, obsolescence and carrying costs thatresult from excessive inventories are reduced. The amount of lost salesthat result from inventories that are inadequate to meet demand isreduced. Fewer emergency and expedited orders are created. Advancedshipment planning is enabled, which results in lower freight andtransportation costs.

[0579] The electronic ordering capability enables the restaurants toreduce the costs and times associated with preparing, submitting andreceiving orders.

[0580] The ISCM system can be enhanced with additional capabilities thatserve to further increase the efficiency of the supply chain. These mayinclude electronic invoicing, electronic funds transfer to pay invoices,evaluated receipt settlement, bar coding, and tracking capabilities.

[0581]FIG. 59 is a flowchart of a process 5930 for tracking the shipmentof goods in a network-based supply chain management framework utilizingbarcodes. In general, a distributor is sent an order for goods from asupply chain participant utilizing a network in operation 5932. Thegoods are then tracked utilizing a bar code in operation 5934. Theresults of the tracking are stored in a database in operation 5936 sothat the supply chain participant can be allowed to access the resultsof the tracking utilizing a network with TCP/IP protocol in operation5938.

[0582] In one aspect of the present invention, the barcode is attachedat the start of the process so that a common barcode is used throughoutthe shipping process. However, barcodes can also be attached at otherpoints in the process if desired.

[0583] In an aspect, the network may include the Internet. In anotheraspect, the results may be accessible utilizing a network-basedinterface. In a further aspect, the supply chain participant maycomprise a restaurant. In one aspect, the supply chain participant maybe allowed access only after an identity thereof is verified. In anadditional aspect, the goods may have the bar code adhered thereto.

[0584] ISCM Access and Security Perspective

[0585] System management becomes more complicated when security andaccess management are added to it. They expand the role of ISCM portalto include the function of enterprise gatekeeper in addition to that ofinformation distribution facilitator.

[0586] The underlying concepts of electronic commerce (EC), and securityand access management are somewhat at odds. EC makes the supply chainmore efficient by facilitating the flow information throughout theenterprise. Security and access management on the other hand, restrictsaccess and the flow of information. They may be some of the evils thatare needed to prevent outsiders from accessing the system and its data,prevent unauthorized users from performing restricted activities, andpreserve privacy within the enterprise by limiting data access to a needto know basis.

[0587] Although security is an ingredient to the electronic commercebusiness model, it has a price that can be measured in direct out ofpocket costs, ease of use, flexibility, administration overhead, andsystem maintenance and flexibility. The greater the protection againstunauthorized access and use, the greater the cost of the system and thecost of using the system.

[0588] Regarding ease of user, the greater the security of a system theharder it is to use. For example, a security arrangement that requiresdifferent passwords to access each sub-function of a system would bevery secure. On the other hand it would be perceived by its end users asinefficient and hard to use because of the many passwords that areneeded. The end users would prefer a less secure single log on thatprovides them access to all the functions and data in a system.

[0589] In an EC community that is populated by several differentplayers, flexibility in specifying access privileges is important. Thisdue to the fact that the access arrangements can accommodate differentfunctions (e.g. franchisees, distributors, suppliers, the supply chaincoordinator, retail management, etc.) and different organizations withina given function. The more flexible the system, the easier it is for theusers to adapt it to their organization. However, the price offlexibility in this area is either less security (simplicity) or greatercomplexity and system development and maintenance costs.

[0590] The greater the security of a system, the greater theadministrative effort needed to setup users and to maintain security.Additionally the administrative effort becomes more complex as greatersecurity is required and the complexity (effort) increases over time asthe system ages.

[0591] Complex systems are inflexible and difficult to enhance andmaintain. Security makes systems complex in two ways. First, through theintroduction of the programs/modules needed to protect the system.Second, by introducing code that attempts to insulate the end user fromsecurity (i.e. provide high security without sacrificing flexibility,ease of use, etc.). Insulating complexity can become very pervasive andexpensive. As systems grow and expand, the users should be insulatedacross new modules, features and data views in a fashion consistent withthe original approach. This can be difficult when 3^(rd) party softwareis used or when a new feature does not conform to some earlierassumptions regarding users or system structure.

[0592] Security challenges the designers of EC systems to provide alevel of security that is appropriate for the system's data and userswhile minimizing the direct and indirect costs of security that werejust discussed. Additionally, the designer may try to anticipate thefuture growth and the expansion of the EC system so that its securityarchitecture can easily accommodate new features, users and data.

[0593]FIG. 60 illustrates the ISCM in the context of security and accessmanagement. The ISCM System shown in FIG. 60 offers several securitychallenges.

[0594] The user community is comprised of several entities. Theseinclude retail outlets 6002, franchisees 6004, distributors 6006,suppliers 6008, the supply chain coordinator 6010 and retailermanagement 6012. Security attributes and domains need to be establishedfor each entity. Administrative procedures and programs need to beprovided to establish and maintain the security attributes and domainsof each of these differing entities.

[0595] Security management for data access will be complex because datais shared across the community. A single data item (e.g. daily beefusage for a restaurant) can belong to several domains (e.g. restaurant(retailer), franchisee, distributor, supplier, etc.).

[0596] The variety of user communities and the organizational variationsthat are found within each create a challenge to provide a flexible subadministrative capability that will enable user organizations to managetheir own domains.

[0597] The security challenges and the tradeoffs created by them will becovered in detail in the technical design and recommendation sections.

User Characteristics User Relationships

[0598]FIG. 61 sets forth the members of the ISCM community 6100 andtheir relationship. From an operational perspective the ISCM communityis made up of management members, member retailers, distributors andsuppliers. The supply chain coordinator manages the community from botha goods and services and information perspectives.

[0599] The community member relationships can be characterized asfollows. Supply chain management gives distributors 6102 the exclusiveright to supply all retailers 6104 in the distributor's geographicterritory. Retailers order from their assigned distributor. Retailermanagement approves commodity suppliers 6106. Supply chain managementspecifies the approved commodity suppliers that each distributor willuse. Distributors replenish their inventories by ordering supplies fromthe suppliers designated by supply chain management.

[0600] The purpose of the following sub-sections is to look at themembers of the supply chain community in terms of member characteristics(supply chain role that is performed by each member and how each memberis organized to perform their role) and members personnel who willlikely interact with ISCM. Member domains that will form the basis forsecurity and access management are also defined.

[0601] User Organizations

[0602] Supply Chain Management

[0603] The supply chain coordinator manages the supply chain for theirmember's retailers. Its services include:

[0604] Negotiating supplier agreements on behalf of their members.

[0605] Negotiating distributor agreements on behalf of their members.Distributors are given exclusive rights to supply retailers in a givengeography. Distributor agreements specify territory, retail outlets,items supplied, suppliers, delivery requirements and qualityrequirements.

[0606] Overseeing and managing the supply chain process to insureconsistent and high quality performance.

[0607] Providing an ISCM web portal that will make the supply chain moreefficient and will enable the members of the supply chain to run theirbusinesses better.

[0608] The functions in the following table interact with ISCM: TABLE 2User Function Description System Person who has access to all of theusers and capabilities of administrator ISCM. Responsible for creating,modifying and deleting members, distributors and suppliers. MemberPerson who has access to all of the members users of administrator ISCM.Responsible for providing the information for setting up and maintainingmembers and their domains. Also responsible for providing access tomember data to non- member users (e.g. SCC, NFA, RM). Distributor Personwho has access to all of the distributor users of administrator ISCM.Responsible for providing the information for setting up and maintainingdistributors and their domains. Also responsible for providing access todistributor data to non- distributor users (e.g. distributor contractnegotiator). Supplier Person who has access to all of the supplier usersof ISCM. administrator Responsible for providing the information forsetting up and maintaining suppliers and their domains. Also responsiblefor providing access to supplier data to non-supplier users (e.g.supplier contract negotiator). Operations Person has access to systemaudit log and system support/ operational reports. Responsibleidentifying things such manager as attempts to gain unauthorized access,abnormal usage patterns, system bottlenecks, etc. Help desk Person(s)responsible for supporting the user community when they have questionsor encounter difficulties.

[0609]FIG. 62 is a flowchart of a process 6230 for selecting suppliersin a supply chain management framework. A network is utilized inoperation 6232 to receive data from at least one store of a supply chainthat relates to the sale of goods by the at least one store. Anelectronic order form is generated based on the data for ordering goodsfrom a distributor of the supply chain in operation 6234. Supplierinformation is received from a management headquarters utilizing thenetwork in operation 6236. The supplier information includes a pluralityof suppliers selected to supply the store with the goods. The supplierinformation is then used to transmit the electronic order form to theselected suppliers of the supply chain utilizing the network inoperation 6238.

[0610] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the electronic order form is generated by the at least onestore. In a further aspect, the electronic order form is generated bythe distributor. In an additional aspect, the suppliers are selectedusing the data. In yet another aspect, the suppliers are selected usingperformance information collected regarding the suppliers.

[0611] Members

[0612] The members are franchisees who own one to several hundred retailoutlets. They also are the owners of the supply chain coordinatorcooperative and as such, they are the primary focus ISCM from efficiencyand cost reduction points of view.

[0613] In the initial form of ISCM, members perform three functions.They create retailer orders and send them to distributors forprocessing. They provide daily POS data to supply chain management, whowill then enhance it and provide it to members, distributors andsupplier on an aggregated basis to assist them in planning inventoriesand purchases. Also, they retrieve and view orders, and enhanced saleshistory data.

[0614] The member organizations that ISCM can support vary from a singlelevel organization to ones that can contain as many as four levels. Thestructure depends on the nature of the business entity (soleproprietorship, partnership or corporation), the size (number of retailoutlets) and the preferences of the owner/CEO/board/partners. Thestructure impacts ISCM as it dictates the number (width and depth) ofdata domain levels that ISCM supports. FIG. 63 illustrates amulti-level, complex member organization 6300. The table belowillustrates ISCM user functions. Looking to the Usage Type, an ActiveUser uses ISCM in the course of doing their daily job. A Passive Usermay use ISCM information; doesn't need it to do job. TABLE 3 Usage UserFunction Type Description Administrator Active Responsible for adding,modifying and deleting users in their distributor domain. Sets accesspermissions for users in their domains. Corporation/ Passive Viewforecasts, and historical sales and owner/partner: usage for corporatelevel and sub domains CEO below corporate. VP of marketing VP ofdevelopment CFO VP of operations Area staff: Passive View forecasts, andhistorical sales and VP usage for area level and sub domains Director ofOPS below area. Marketing manager District managers Passive Viewforecasts, and historical sales and usage for district level and subdomains below district. Restaurant managers Active View orders,forecasts, and historical sales and usage for restaurant. Order preparerActive View orders, forecasts, and historical sales and usage forrestaurant. Enter orders for restaurants.

[0615] Distributors

[0616] Distributors are middlemen with whom the supply chain coordinatorhas contracted to supply all member retailers in a given geography.

[0617] Distributor supply chain services include:

[0618] Receive, pick, pack and ship retailer orders as specified by theterms and conditions of a supply chain agreement.

[0619] Invoice shipped retailer orders as specified by the terms andconditions of the supply chain agreement.

[0620] Provide warehouse storage space for inventory levels that aresufficient to service the retailers in their geography as specified bythe terms and conditions of the supply chain agreement.

[0621] Provide storage environments (e.g. refrigeration) that are neededto maintain the quality of the items they supply to the retailers intheir geography.

[0622] Maintain inventory levels that are sufficient to supply retailersas specified by the terms and conditions of the supply chain agreement.

[0623] Replenish inventories by buying from approved and/orpre-specified suppliers.

[0624] The distributors serve a large geography. As a result, they haveseveral strategically located distribution centers throughout theirterritory. These distribution centers maintain local inventories andservice retailers in their locale to reduce transportation time andcosts.

[0625] Functions such as sales, accounting, billing, customer service,are generally centralized at a headquarters location.

[0626] The supply chain coordinator's contracts with distributorsspecify:

[0627] Service levels that cover things like order cycle times,commodity quality, etc.

[0628] Retailers served by the distributor.

[0629] Distribution center that services each retailer.

[0630] Items/commodities that the distributors will carry in theirinventory for the retailers.

[0631] Suppliers and supplier plant that will be used to provide eachitem that will be carried by each distribution center for the retailersthey service.

[0632]FIG. 64 is a flowchart of a process 6430 for contract enforcementin a supply chain management framework in which data is collected from aplurality of stores of a supply chain utilizing a network in operation6432. Next, a network-based interface is displayed for allowing accessto the data in operation 6434. An electronic order form is thengenerated in operation 6436 based on the data utilizing thenetwork-based interface for ordering goods from a distributor of thesupply chain, the electronic order including a contact with terms of adelivery of the goods. Information relating to the delivery and/or costsof the goods is tracked utilizing the network in operation 6438 and thetracked information is compared with the terms of the contract inoperation 6440.

[0633] In one aspect, the information relates to a timeliness ofdelivery of the goods. In another aspect, the information relates to aquality of the goods delivered by the distributor. In a further aspect,the information relates to a price of the goods delivered by thedistributor. In an additional aspect, an alert is sent upon thecomparison indicating a discrepancy between the tracked information andthe terms of the contract. In such an aspect, the alert may be madeavailable on the network-based interface.

[0634] The following table lists distributor functions that may interactwith ISCM: TABLE 4 Usage User Function Type Description AdministratorActive Responsible for adding, modifying and deleting users in theirdistributor domain. Sets access permissions for users in their domains.Headquarters: Passive View orders, forecasts, and historical sales andCEO/GM usage for corporate level and distribution Marketing centersbelow corporate level. Procurement Credit Accounts receivable Accountspayable Customer Active View orders for all distribution centers to dealService with retailers question/issues QA Account Active Distributorpoint of contact for the supply chain executive coordinator. Vieworders, forecasts, and historical sales and usage for corporate leveland distribution centers below corporate level. Contract Active Vieworders, forecasts, and historical sales and manager usage for corporatelevel and distribution centers below corporate level. DistributionActive View forecasts, and historical sales and usage Center: bysupplier for DC. Uses information to plan DC buyer purchasesTransportation Active View orders and forecasts to schedule trucksmanager and determine routes. Order pickers Active View individualorders to pick them Shipping Active View individual orders to pack andship them.

[0635]FIG. 65 is a flowchart of a process 6530 for monitoringdistributor activity in a supply chain management framework. Data isreceived in operation 6532 from at least one store of a supply chainutilizing a network. This data relates to the sale of goods by thestore. Electronic order forms are generated in operation 6534 based onthe data for ordering goods from a plurality of distributors of thesupply chain. The generated electronic order forms are sent to thedistributors in operation 6536 so that the goods are delivered to thestores. The electronic order forms for each of the distributors arecompared for monitoring the reliance of the store on each distributor inoperation 6538.

[0636] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the electronic order forms are generated by the at least onestore. In a further aspect, the comparison is accessible utilizing anetwork-based interface. In an additional aspect, the electronic orderforms indicate a type of the goods, an amount of goods, and a targetdelivery date of the goods. In another aspect, the comparison is used togauge a performance of the distributors.

[0637] Suppliers

[0638] Suppliers produce the items that the retailers buy from thedistributors. Distributors replenish their inventories with bulkpurchases from suppliers.

[0639] All suppliers are approved by retail outlet management. Thesupply chain coordinator negotiates agreements with suppliers on behalfof their members. Distributors can utilize supply chaincoordinator-specified suppliers to service the restraints.

[0640] Large national/regional suppliers will have severalproduction/processing facilities around the country. The facilities thatwill supply the distributors are inspected and approved by retailermanagement. The supply chain coordinator can specify the supplierfacility that will be used to replenish each distributor distributioncenter.

[0641] The following table has supplier functions that may interact withISCM: TABLE 5 Usage User Function Type Description Administrator ActiveResponsible for adding, modifying and deleting users in their supplierdomain. Sets access permissions for users in their domains.Headquarters: Passive View item forecasts and historical sales andMarketing usage for corporate level and for plants below Procurementcorporate level. Credit Accounts receivable Accounts payable AccountActive Supplier point of contact for the supply chain executivecoordinator. View item forecasts and historical sales and usage forcorporate level and for plants below corporate level. Plant: View itemforecasts, and historical sales and Production usage. Use to planproduction. planner Buyer Active View item forecasts, and historicalsales and usage. Use to plan production material purchasing.Transportation Active View item forecasts, and historical sales andmanager usage. Use to plan transportation.

[0642]FIG. 66 is a flowchart of a process 6630 for monitoring supplieractivity in a supply chain management framework. Data relating to thesale of goods is received from at least one store of a supply chainutilizing a network in operation 6632. Electronic order forms aregenerated based on the data for ordering goods from a plurality ofsuppliers of the supply chain in operation 6634. The electronic orderforms are sent to the suppliers so that the goods are supplied to thestores in operation 6636. The electronic order forms for each of thesuppliers are then compared for monitoring the reliance of the store oneach supplier in operation 6638.

[0643] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the electronic order forms are generated by the at least onestore. In a further aspect, the comparison is accessible utilizing anetwork-based interface. In yet another aspect, the electronic orderforms indicate a type of the goods and an amount of goods. In anadditional aspect, the comparison is used to gauge a performance of thesuppliers.

[0644] User Relationship Domains for Access and Reporting

[0645] The following table depicts the domains for access and reportingfor members, distributors and suppliers. TABLE 6 Member Member AreaDistrict Retailer Item Quantity Distributor Distributor (order)Distribution center Retailer Item Quantity Distributor (usage) ItemDistribution center Supplier Supplier plant Item Quantity SupplierSupplier Plant Item Quantity

[0646]FIG. 67 is a flowchart of a process 6730 for a bulletin boardfeature in a supply chain management framework. Utilizing a network,data is collected from a plurality of stores of a supply chain inoperation 6732. A network-based interface is also displayed for allowingaccess to the data in operation 6734. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 6736 based on the data utilizing thenetwork-based interface for ordering goods from selected distributors ofthe supply chain. The network-based interface includes a bulletin boarddisplaying information received from each of the stores. The receivedinformation relates to the distributors for facilitating the selectionof the distributors.

[0647] In one aspect, the information relates to a timeliness ofdeliveries made by the distributors. In another aspect, the informationrelates to a quality of the goods delivered by the distributors. In afurther aspect, the information relates to a price of the goodsdelivered by the distributors. In an additional aspect, a store fromwhich the information is received is identified. As another aspect, thestore from which the information is received may be identified utilizingan electronic mail address for communication purposes.

[0648]FIG. 68 is a flowchart of a process 6830 for a catalog feature ina supply chain management framework. Data is collected utilizing anetwork in operation 6832 from a plurality of stores of a supply chain.A network-based interface is displayed in operation 6834 for allowingaccess to the data. An electronic order form is subsequently generatedin operation 6836 based on the data utilizing the network-basedinterface for ordering goods from a distributor of the supply chain or asupplier of the supply chain if the goods are not distributed through adistributor. The network-based interface includes a virtual catalog tofacilitate the generation of the electronic order form.

[0649] In an aspect, the catalog displays a plurality of raw productsfrom which the goods are produced. In such an aspect, the catalog maydisplay a plurality of distributors from which the raw products can beordered. As a further aspect, the catalog may also display a comparisonof performance of the distributors. As an additional aspect, theperformance may be calculated based on the data. In an another aspect,the catalog may include links to additional network-based interfacesrelating to suppliers.

Critical To Quality Requirements Overview

[0650] When defining the features and functionality of a newly designedsystem, it is recommended to begin with the actual business needs of theusers of the web portal. It has already been defined in the sectionentitled User Characteristics that the users of the web portal will bemanaging and maintaining many if not all of the security administrativeaspects of the system.

[0651] It is important to gather and understand the business needs foreach user community and then translate those needs into actual CriticalTo Quality (CTQ) requirements. To obtain these CTQs, each user groupsupplied their own Voice Of the Customer (VOC) demands upon the system.

[0652] The VOCs are then mapped into high level categories thatultimately map to desired features and functional requirements(discussed in the section entitled Functional Requirements, below).

[0653] The overall approach uses a six sigma consulting methodology 6900for mapping customers directly to solution design and is outlined in theFIG. 69.

[0654] Using this approach, it is possible to design a system solutionthat ties directly back to the core customer groups and their businessneeds. Features and high level functional requirements are the core tosystem design, and using the Six Sigma consulting methodology maintainsthe integrity of the original business needs as presented by the keystakeholders for the web portal.

[0655] The next set of sections will detail the specific VOCs and CTQsthat were collected in the workshop sessions. These CTQs will then betied to the features and functional requirements as outlined in thesection entitled Functional Requirements, below.

Voice Of the Customer (VOC)

[0656] Each of the core customer communities as outlined in the sectionentitled User Characteristics were interviewed to collect their VOCs inrelation to a web security model. Each workshop discussed potentialportal applications and their functionality, providing a back drop forthe potential security needs of the system. The following table listsall of the VOCs collected at each workshop, and places them into highlevel categories. TABLE 7 Supplier Voice of the Customer SCC MemberDistributor 1. Securely isolate data and functions to preventunauthorized access. Isolate my data X My data for my eyes only X Insuremy data is safe X Want to feel the system is secure X Assume a highlevel of security; keep X X competitors out Ability to perform passwordX X X administration and manage accounts Access right/password changesmust be X granted immediately. System should require periodic X passwordchanges for all accounts Make it difficult for someone to take X datadirectly to a competitor 2. Security is simple from an end user'sperspective. Make it quick and easy X Give me a single logon withmultiple X X community access. Ability to select access rights for all Xlevels If you make it too difficult to access we X won't want to botheraccessing it. 3. Security administration is simple from a userperspective Make maintenance simple X 4. Access managementadministration is very flexible. Give me a single logon with multiple XX community access. Ability to select access rights for all X levelsSimultaneous/reciprocal access X Be able to select individuals to set upX access to his/her group Various levels would have varying X degrees ofpassword change enforcement We need multiple levels of security X accessSingle individuals may have multiple X owner organizations I needflexibility X 5. System proactively monitors for potential securitybreaches. I want the system to take preventative X measures We should beable to detect that X something isn't right We want an audit trail ofsome sort X Incident tracking capability; especially X for inappropriateuse. 6. Reports are available that enable community administrator toeffectively manage and maintain security and access. Tell me who isusing the SCC web site X Show me who is using the system for X myorganization Who has done what to my data? X I want reportingfunctionality for audits. X We should be able to detect that X somethingisn't right We want an audit trail of some sort X Want to trackinformation flow X Need to know who has access X Need to have detailedinformation X available to determine who went where when. Incidenttracking capability; especially X for inappropriate use. 7. System doesnot create cost or incremental effort for the supply chain communityDon't waste time on the Internet X No incremental cost X X X Don'tdisrupt my business operations X I don't want to hire anyone for supportX or administration I'm concerned about information X overload Targetthe information and give me X what I need to know. This is supposed torepresent cost X savings 8. Effective training and documentation Createa common nomenclature X (classification and roles) Training concerns X9. Integrate with existing systems Single sign-on X X One location“one-stop-shop” X

CTQs

[0657] The VOCs identify most of the security concerns for each usercommunity. These statements are then assessed to fall into distinct andmeasurable requirements, the critical to quality factors for each of thestated issues.

[0658] The following table outlines how each of the high level VOCscategories map to specific CTQ requirements and these items willultimately map to the desired features and functionality of the securitysystem. TABLE 8 Voice of the Customer CTQ 1. Securely isolate data andfunctions to prevent Security, unauthorized access. Prevention 2.Security is simple from an end user's Simplicity perspective. 3.Security administration is simple from a user Simplicity, perspectiveEase of Use 4. Access management administration is very Flexibilityflexible. 5. System proactively monitors for potential Reporting,security breaches. Prevention 6. Reports are available that enablecommunity Reporting, administrator to effectively manage and Simplicity,maintain security and access. Prevention 7. System does not create costor incremental Cost effort for the supply chain community 8. Effectivetraining and documentation Simplicity 9. Integrate with existing systemsIntegration, Simplicity

Business Processes Overview

[0659] Any security model will require certain business processes andprocedures to maintain the integrity and ease of use. This sectionoutlines some business processes that need to be in place to beginimplementation.

[0660] The next section, entitled Policy Requirements, will furtheridentify specify policies that surround and govern aspects of theseprocesses. It is important to note that these procedures need to beassigned clearly to responsible parties, and the policies outlined inthe Section entitled Policy Requirements (below) should be clearlyprovided in order to maintain system integrity.

Adding and Deleting Users

[0661] The first procedure that needs to be addressed is how to add anddelete users to the system. Users are defined as an individual whorequires access to applications and data on the web portal. This processshould be replicated throughout the domains and user communities, alwaysmanaged by a specifically named administrator role (see Administrationbelow).

[0662] Adding New Users

[0663] The sequence of steps for adding a user begins withauthorization:

[0664] 1. Request for new user account

[0665] 2. Request verified by administrator, notification sent to user'smanager

[0666] 3. Authorization of new account provided

[0667] 4. Reference to policy for access rights and privileges for therequested class of user

[0668] 5. Configure access levels

[0669] 6. Send new user ID and default password to new user

[0670] 7. Confirm successful logon and password change at first logon

[0671] These steps can exist at all user community levels, and also forproviding administrator access, such as from the supply chaincoordinator corporate to a Member organization. It is important toprovide an authorization step before creating an account, so that theadministrator is also monitored for security purposes.

[0672] Deleting Existing Users

[0673] The sequence of steps for deleting a user requires similarauthorization:

[0674] 1. Request for deleting an existing account

[0675] 2. Request verified by administrator, notification sent to user'smanager

[0676] 3. Authorization for deleting account provided

[0677] 4. Reference to policy for deleting access rights and privilegesfor the requested class of user

[0678] 5. Delete user account

[0679] 6. Send verification of deletion to user's manager

[0680] 7. Confirm successful deletion by attempting administrator logon

[0681] The confirmation of deletion may be a useful step, as securitybreaches are most likely to occur from an improperly deleted account.The supply chain coordinator should require all levels of securitymanagement to provide verification of deleted accounts, especially inthe member and supplier/distributor communities.

[0682] Changing Key Contact Administrator

[0683] At times the key contact administrator within a domainorganization may change. While the process of adding a new user as anadministrator follows the same process as adding a new user, there are afew additional kick-off steps that initiate the process. The key contactin this process is not the account contact (not the Member owner, orsupplier contact person), but is in fact the web portal administratorfor that organization.

[0684] 1. Supplier/Distributor/Member notifies the supply chaincoordinator account manager of change in key contact.

[0685] 2. The account manager validates change via phone call toSupplier/Distributor/Member

[0686] 3. Upon verification, the account manager notifies the supplychain coordinator administrator of new key contact information

[0687] 4. The administrator suspends user account rights and privileges

[0688] 5. The administrator sets up new user account with organizationadministration rights according to access policy guidelines

[0689] 6. Notify new administrator of new user ID and default password

[0690] 7. Confirm successful logon and password change at first logon

[0691] When the key contact for the security system changes at a domainorganization, it is not likely that the supply chain coordinatoradministrator will be directly notified of the change. That is why it isuseful for the account manager to verify the change, and obtain the newuser information and submit the request. This process ensures that theadministrator is acting upon an authorized and verified request. Theprocess may be audited to trace where the authorization initiated, inthe event a false transfer of rights is made.

Auditing and Monitoring

[0692] This section describes in detail the procedures to follow forauditing and monitoring the security system usage. What to collect, howto collect it, and how to preserve the integrity of the audit data areall useful procedures for maintaining proper and effective securitymeasures.

[0693] Data to Collect

[0694]FIG. 70 is a flowchart of a process 7030 for electronic invoiceauditing in a supply chain management framework. Utilizing a network,data is collected in operation 7032 from a plurality of stores of asupply chain that relates to the sale of goods by the stores. Access tothe data is allowed utilizing a network-based interface in operation7034. Electronic order forms are generated in operation 7036 based onthe data for ordering goods from a plurality of distributors of thesupply chain. The generated electronic order forms are sent to thedistributors utilizing the network in operation 7038. Subsequently,invoices are received from the distributors utilizing the network inoperation 7040 and the invoices are compared with the electronic orderforms for auditing the invoices in operation 7042.

[0695] In one aspect, the electronic order forms include a price of thegoods. In another aspect, a price of the goods is calculated from theelectronic order forms. In such an aspect, the price of the goods may becalculated from the electronic order forms utilizing a table mapping aplurality of goods with a plurality of prices. In further aspect, theelectronic order forms are generated by the stores. In an additionalaspect, an alert is generated upon a discrepancy being found during thecomparison.

[0696] Audit data should include any attempt to achieve a differentsecurity level by any person, process, or other entity in the network.This information includes login and logout, super user access(administrator rights), and any other change of access or status. Theprocesses outlined previously include a fair amount of authorization andverification steps-these steps are important to create cross domain,cross organizational audit trails.

[0697] The actual data to collect may differ for the different types ofapplications and different types of access changes made within theportal. In general, the information to collect includes:

[0698] Username, for login and logouts

[0699] Previous and new access rights, to track changes to access

[0700] Timestamp

[0701] One very important note: Do not gather passwords. There is anenormous potential for security breach if the audit records areimproperly accessed. Do not gather incorrect passwords either, as theyoften differ from the correct passwords by only a single character ortransposition.

[0702] Collection Process

[0703] There are basically three ways to store audit records:

[0704] 1. Read/write file on a host

[0705] 2. Write-once/read-many device (CD-ROM or tape drive)

[0706] 3. Write-only device (e.g. line printer)

[0707] File system logging is also the least reliable method. If thelogging host has been compromised, the file system is usually the firstthing to go—and an intruder could easily cover up traces of theintrusion.

[0708] Collecting audit data on a write-once device is slightly moreeffort to configure than a simple file, but it has the significantadvantage of greatly increased security because an intruder could notalter the data showing that an intrusion has occurred. The disadvantageof this method is the need to maintain a supply of storage media and thecost of that media. Also, the data may not be instantly available.

[0709] Line printer logging is useful in system where permanent andimmediate logs are required. A real time system is an example of this,where the exact point of a failure or attack may be recorded. A laserprinter, or other device that buffers data (e.g., a print server), maysuffer from lost data if buffers contain the needed data at a criticalinstant. The disadvantage of, literally, “paper trails” is the need tokeep the printer fed and the need to scan records by hand. There is alsothe issue of where to store the, potentially, enormous volume of paperthat may be generated.

[0710] For each of the logging methods described, there is also theissue of securing the path between the device generating the log andactual logging device (i.e., the file server, tape/CD-ROM drive,printer). If that path is compromised, logging can be stopped. In anideal world, the logging device would be directly attached by a single,simple, point-to-point cable. Since that is usually impractical, thepath may pass through the minimum number of networks and routers.

[0711] If the supply chain coordinator selects an outsourced host forthe security system, these options can be optimized against securitybreaches. Keeping this audit collection process in-house would requireeffort to secure the various options for maintaining audit dataintegrity, detailed further in the following sub-section.

[0712] Preserving Audit Data

[0713] Audit data should be some of the most carefully secured data atthe site and in the backups. If an intruder were to gain access to auditlogs, the systems themselves, in addition to the data would be at risk.

[0714] Audit data may also become useful to the investigation,apprehension, and prosecution of the perpetrator of an incident. If adata handling plan is not adequately defined prior to an incident, itmay mean that there is no recourse in the aftermath of an event, and itmay create liability resulting from improper treatment of the data.

[0715] Legal Considerations

[0716] Due to the content of audit data, there are a number of legalquestions that arise which might need to be addressed by legal counsel.As the Supply Chain management system collects and saves audit data, itneeds to be prepared for consequences resulting both from its existenceand its content.

[0717] One area concerns the privacy of individuals. In certaininstances, audit data may contain personal information. Searchingthrough the data, even for a routine check of the system's security,could represent an invasion of privacy. The privacy policy outlined inthe Policy Requirements section (below) should clearly outlineprocedures that guarantee privacy of an individual user, both in termsof existing contracts (such as between members and retailer management)and also other existing legal regulations.

[0718] A second area of concern involves knowledge of intrusive behaviororiginating from the web portal. If an organization keeps audit data, isit responsible for examining it to search for incidents? If a host inone organization is used as a launching point for an attack againstanother organization, can the second organization use the audit data ofthe first organization to prove negligence on the part of thatorganization?

Security Incident Handling

[0719] The operative philosophy in the event of a breach of web securityis to react according to a plan. This is true whether the breach is theresult of an external intruder attack, unintentional damage, a studenttesting some new program to exploit vulnerability, or a disgruntledemployee. Each of the possible types of events, such as those justlisted, should be addressed in advance by adequate contingency plans.

[0720] Traditional web security, while quite important in the overallsite security plan, usually pays little attention to how to actuallyhandle an attack once one occurs. When an attack is in progress, manydecisions are made in haste and can be damaging while tracking down thesource of the incident, collecting evidence to be used in prosecutionefforts, preparing for the recovery of the system, and protecting thevaluable data contained on the system.

[0721] One of the most important, and often overlooked, benefits forefficient incident handling is an economic one. Having both technicaland managerial personnel respond to an incident requires considerableresources. If trained to handle incidents efficiently, less staff timeis required when one occurs.

[0722] Another benefit is related to public relations. News aboutcomputer security incidents tends to be damaging to an organization'sstature among current or potential clients. Efficient incident handlingminimizes the potential for negative exposure. In the member communityit is important to maintain good public relations with retailmanagement, suppliers, and distributors in the interest of positivesupply chain collaboration.

[0723] A final benefit of efficient incident handling is related tolegal issues. It is possible that in the near future organizations maybe held responsible because one of their nodes was used to launch anetwork attack. In a similar vein, people who develop patches orworkarounds may be sued if the patches or workarounds are ineffective,resulting in compromise of the systems, or, if the patches orworkarounds themselves damage systems. Knowing about operating systemvulnerabilities and patterns of attacks, and then taking appropriatemeasures to counter these potential threats may be helpful incircumventing possible legal problems.

[0724] This section will outline and discuss the following areas ofincident handling:

[0725] Notification

[0726] Identifying an Incident

[0727] Law Enforcement and Legislative Agencies

[0728] Internal and External Communications

[0729] Containment

[0730] On-going Activities

[0731] Notification

[0732] It is important to establish contacts with various personnelbefore a real incident occurs. These contacts should include localmanagers and system administrators, administrative contacts for otherdomain organizations, and various investigative organizations.

[0733] For each type of communication contact, specific “Points ofContact” (POC) should be defined. These may be technical oradministrative in nature and may include legal or investigative agenciesas well as service providers and vendors. When establishing thesecontacts, it is important to decide how much information will be sharedwith each class of contact. It is especially important to define, aheadof time, what information will be shared with the users at a site, withthe public (including the press), and with other sites.

[0734] A list of contacts in each of these categories is an importanttime saver for the key contact individuals during an incident. It can bequite difficult to find an appropriate person during an incident whenmany urgent events are ongoing. It is strongly recommended that allrelevant telephone numbers (also electronic mail addresses and faxnumbers) be included in the site security policy. The names and contactinformation of all individuals who will be directly involved in thehandling of an incident should be placed at the top of this list.

[0735] Identifying an Incident

[0736] When an incident occurs, the first step is to identify if ittruly is a security incident. Most signs of virus infection, systemintrusions, malicious users, etc., are simply anomalies such as hardwarefailures or suspicious system/user behavior. To assist in identifyingwhether there really is an incident, it is usually helpful to obtain anduse any detection software that may be available. Audit information isalso extremely useful, especially in determining whether there is anetwork attack.

[0737] It is extremely important to obtain a system snapshot as soon asone suspects that something is wrong. Many incidents cause a dynamicchain of events to occur, and an initial system snapshot may be the mostvaluable tool for identifying the problem and any source of attack.Finally, it is important to start a log book. Recording system events,access to data, time stamps, etc., may lead to a more rapid andsystematic identification of the problem, and is the basis forsubsequent stages of incident handling.

[0738] There are certain indications or “symptoms” of an incident thatdeserve special attention:

[0739] 1. System crashes.

[0740] 2. New user accounts (unusual or non-precedent nomenclature, orhigh activity on a previously low usage account)

[0741] 3. New files created (usually with strange file names, such asdata.xx or *.xx).

[0742] 4. Accounting discrepancies

[0743] 5. Changes in file lengths or dates without proper authorization

[0744] 6. Attempts to write to system without authorization

[0745] 7. Data modification or deletion (complaints that files or datastart to disappear)

[0746] 8. Denial of service

[0747] 9. Unexplained, poor system performance

[0748] 10. Anomalies (e.g. frequent and unexplained “beeps”).

[0749] 11. Suspicious probes (there are numerous unsuccessful loginattempts)

[0750] 12. Suspicious browsing (someone accesses file after file on manyuser accounts.)

[0751] 13. Inability of a user to log in due to modifications of his/heraccount.

[0752] This list is not comprehensive, but does highlight some commonindicators of security incidents. It is recommended to collaborate withother technical and web security personnel to make a decision as a groupabout whether an incident is occurring.

[0753] Law Enforcement and Investigative Agencies

[0754] In the event of an incident with legal consequences, it isimportant to establish contact with investigative agencies (e.g., theFBI and Secret Service in the U.S.) as soon as possible. It should beacknowledged that the supply chain coordinator and it's user communityorganizations may have its own local and governmental laws andregulations that will impact how they interact with law enforcement andinvestigative agencies. The security policies and procedures need toidentify those potential differences to help the various domainorganizations follow consistent incident response methods.

[0755] The supply chain coordinator should notify legal counsel soonafter knowledge of an incident is in progress. At a minimum, legalcounsel needs to be involved to protect the legal and financialinterests of the web portal and subsequent member organizations. Thereare many legal and practical issues, a few of which are:

[0756] 1. Negative publicity—Is the supply chain coordinator willing torisk negative publicity or exposure to cooperate with legal prosecutionefforts.

[0757] 2. Downstream liability—Leaving a compromised system as is so itcan be monitored while allowing access that causes damage on adownstream system may force liability on the supply chain coordinatorfor damages incurred.

[0758] 3. Distribution of information—If the supply chain coordinatorweb portal distributes information about an attack in which another siteor organization may be involved or the vulnerability in a product thatmay affect ability to market that product, the supply chain coordinatormay again be liable for any damages (including damage of reputation).

[0759] 4. Liabilities due to monitoring—the supply chain coordinator maybe sued if users at its site or elsewhere discover that the web portalis monitoring account activity without informing users.

[0760] There are no clear precedents yet on the liabilities orresponsibilities of organizations involved in a security incident or whomight be involved in supporting an investigative effort. Investigatorswill often encourage organizations to help trace and monitor intruders.Indeed, most investigators cannot pursue computer intrusions withoutextensive support from the organizations involved. However,investigators cannot provide protection from liability claims, and thesekinds of efforts may drag on for months and may take a lot of effort.

[0761] On the other hand, an organization's legal council may adviseextreme caution and suggest that tracing activities be halted and anintruder shut out of the system. This, in itself, may not provideprotection from liability, and may prevent investigators fromidentifying the perpetrator.

[0762] The balance between supporting investigative activity andlimiting liability is tricky. the supply chain coordinator shouldconsider the advice of legal counsel and the damage the intruder iscausing (if any) when making the decision about what to do during anyparticular incident.

[0763] Internal and External Communications

[0764] It is crucial during a major incident to communicate why certainactions are being taken, and how the users (or departments) are expectedto behave. In particular, it should be made very clear to users whatthey are allowed to say (and not say) to the outside world (includingother departments). For example, it would not be good for anorganization if users replied to customers with something like, “I'msorry the systems are down, we've had an intruder and we are trying toclean things up.” It would be much better if they were instructed torespond with a prepared statement like, “I'm sorry our systems areunavailable, they are being maintained for better service in thefuture.”

[0765] Communications with customers and contract partners should behandled in a sensible, but sensitive way. One can prepare for the mainissues by preparing a checklist. When an incident occurs, the checklistcan be used with the addition of a sentence or two for the specificcircumstances of the incident.

[0766] One of the most important issues to consider is when, who, andhow much to release to the general public through the press. The publicrelations office is trained in the type and wording of informationreleased, and will help to assure that the image of the site isprotected during and after the incident (if possible). A publicrelations office has the advantage that one can communicate candidlywith them, and provide a buffer between the constant press attention andthe need of the POC to maintain control over the incident.

[0767] If a public relations office is not available, the informationreleased to the press can be carefully considered. If the information issensitive, it may be advantageous to provide only minimal or overviewinformation to the press. It is possible that any information providedto the press will be quickly reviewed by the perpetrator of theincident. Also note that misleading the press may backfire and causemore damage than releasing sensitive information.

[0768] Some guidelines to keep in mind are:

[0769] 1. Provide low levels of technical detail. Detailed informationabout the incident may provide enough information for others to launchsimilar attacks on other sites, or even damage the site's ability toprosecute the guilty party once the event is over.

[0770] 2. Do not speculate. Speculation of who is causing the incidentor the motives are very likely to be in error and may cause an inflamedview of the incident.

[0771] 3. Cooperate with law enforcement. Work with law enforcementprofessionals to assure that evidence is protected. If prosecution isinvolved, assure that the evidence collected is not divulged to thepress.

[0772] 4. Maintain focus on containment and recovery. Do not allow thepress attention to detract from the handling of the event. It is ofprimary importance to contain the incident and begin recovery efforts.

[0773] Containment

[0774] The purpose of containment is to limit the extent of an attack. Apart of containment is decision making (e.g., determining whether toshut a system down, disconnect from a network, monitor system or networkactivity, set traps, disable functions such as remote file transfer,etc.).

[0775] Sometimes this decision is trivial; shut the system down if theinformation is classified, sensitive, or proprietary. Removing allaccess while an incident is in progress obviously notifies all users,including the alleged problem users, that the administrators are awareof a problem; this may have a deleterious effect on an investigation. Insome cases, it is prudent to remove all access or functionality as soonas possible, then restore normal operation in limited stages. In othercases, it is worthwhile to risk some damage to the system if keeping thesystem up might enable identification of an intruder.

[0776] The supply chain coordinator should define acceptable risks indealing with an incident, and should prescribe specific actions andstrategies accordingly. If features and functionality need to be shuttown temporarily, there should be a notification process as well as aback-up (non-web based) process to continue normal business operations.As application functionality is implemented into the web portal, eachweb feature needs to address the potential for shutdown.

[0777] On-going Activities

[0778] There are a number of steps the supply chain coordinator shouldimplement to keep up with changes in web security. The following is alist of activities to include for continual incident tracking andhandling measures:

[0779] 1. Subscribe to advisories that are issued by various securityincident response teams, like those of the CERT Coordination Center, andupdate systems against those threats that apply to the supply chaincoordinator's web portal technology.

[0780] 2. Monitor security patches that are produced by the vendors ofequipment, software, applications, and third party affiliates, andobtain and install all that apply.

[0781] 3. Actively watch the configurations of the supply chaincoordinator systems to identify any changes that may have occurred, andinvestigate all anomalies.

[0782] 4. Review all security policies and procedures annually (at aminimum).

[0783] 5. Regularly check for compliance with policies and procedures.This audit should be performed by someone other than the people whodefine or implement the policies and procedures.

Policy Requirements Overview

[0784] Web Portal security policies are designed to address securityissues within an Internet community. The supply chain coordinator needsa guide to setting computer security policies and procedures for sitesthat have systems on the Internet—and may need to also address sites andsystems that are not yet connected to the Internet.

[0785] The web portal team will need to make many decisions, gainagreement and then communicate and implement these security policies.The focus of this section is on the policies and procedures that need tobe in place in order to support the technical security features of theISC web portal.

[0786] The basic approach to developing a security policy plan for a webportal follows traditional protection rules for overall system security[Fites, 1989 Control and Security of Computer Information Systems]:

[0787] 1. Identify what you are trying to protect

[0788] 2. Determine what you are trying to protect it from

[0789] 3. Determine how likely the threats are

[0790] 4. Implement measures which will protect your assets in acost-effective manner

[0791] 5. Review the process continuously; make improvements each time aweakness is found

[0792] Using approach, the supply chain coordinator will be able tocontinually identify critical assets and required policies throughoutthe implementation phase for both the security system, as well as futurereleases of functionality for the web portal.

Setting Goals for A Security Policy

[0793] The types of security-related decisions that are made, or thefailure to make them, largely determine how secure or insecure the webportal will be, how much functionality the portal will offer, and howeasy the portal is to use. To effectively use security tools andpolicies, the supply chain coordinator may determine its security goalsclearly.

[0794] Trade-offs exist when defining goals, as outlined here:

[0795] Services Offered vs. Security Provided Each service offered tousers carries its own security risks. For some services the riskoutweighs the benefit of the service, and the administrator may chooseto eliminate the service, rather than try to secure it.

[0796] Ease of Use vs. Security The easiest system to use would allowaccess to any user and require no passwords; that is, there would be nosecurity. Requiring passwords makes the system a little less convenient,but more secure. Requiring device-generated one-time passwords (e.g.secure id tokens), makes the system even more difficult to use, but muchmore secure.

[0797] Cost of Security vs. Risk of Loss There are many different coststo security: Monetary, Performance, and Ease of Use. There are also manylevels of risk: Loss of Privacy, Loss of Data, and Loss of Service. Eachtype of cost can be weighed against each type of loss for optimization.

[0798] the supply chain coordinator goals should be communicated to allusers, operations staff, and managers through a set of security rules,called a “security policy.” The scope of this policy includes all typesof information technology as well as the information stored andmanipulated by the technology.

[0799] Purpose of A Security Policy

[0800] The main purpose of a security policy is to inform users, staffand managers of their obligatory requirements for protecting technologyand information assets. The policy should specify the mechanisms throughwith these requirements may be met. Another purpose is to provide abaseline from which to acquire, configure and audit systems and networksfor compliance with the policy. Therefore an attempt to use a set ofsecurity tools in the absence of at least an implied security policy ismeaningless.

Assets and Threats

[0801] The cost of protecting oneself against a threat should be lessthan the cost of recovering if the threat were to strike. Cost in thiscontext should include losses expressed in real currency, reputation,and trustworthiness. Without reasonable knowledge of what one isprotecting and what the likely threats are, following this rule ofcost-effectiveness may be difficult.

[0802] It is recommended that as the supply chain coordinator designsand implements additional functionality to their ISC web portal, theyexamine the extent of security levels and features in relation to thevalue of the assets involved. There are two elements of risk analysisthat one should consider:

[0803] 1. Identifying the assets

[0804] 2. Identifying the threats

[0805] Identifying the Assets

[0806]FIG. 71 is a flowchart of a process 7130 for providing anetwork-based supply chain interface capable of maintaining theanonymity of supply chain participants in the supply chain. Data isreceived via a network from a plurality of supply chain participants ofa supply chain in operation 7132. Each of the supply chain participantsis assigned with an identifier in operation 7134 and the data for eachof the supply chain participants is listed utilizing the identifier topreserve the anonymity of the supply chain participants in operation7136.

[0807] In an aspect, the network may include the Internet. In anotheraspect, the identifier may include a numeric string. In a furtheraspect, the identifier may indicate a region where the associated storeis located. In an additional aspect, the data may be listed utilizing anetwork-based interface. In one aspect, the supply chain participantsmay include restaurants.

[0808] For each asset, the basic goals of security are availability,confidentiality, and integrity. Each threat should be examinedconsidering how it may affect these areas. The first step for assetprotection is to identify all of the things that need protection. Thepoint is to list all things that could be affected by a securityproblem. Again, a traditional list for system protection is applicablein the Internet arena:

[0809] Hardware: boards, keyboards, workstations, personal computers,printers, communication lines, servers, routers

[0810] Software: source programs, object programs, utilities, diagnosticprograms, operating systems, communication programs

[0811] Data: during execution, stored on-line, archived off-line,backups, audit logs, databases, in transit over communication media

[0812] People: users, administrators, hardware maintainers

[0813] Documentation: on programs, hardware, systems, localadministrative procedures

[0814] Supplies: paper, forms, ribbons, magnetic media

[0815] The supply chain coordinator should use the preliminary goals andobjectives for the ISC web portal to identify the primary assets.Existing procedures and policies for system protection is a goodstarting point to begin the process for asset identification.

[0816] Once identified, it is important to note the differing levels ofimportance for each of these categories to the users of the portal. Forexample, a member may hold his or her hardware assets at a higherprotection value than a supplier, who may have leased assets or completewarranty and maintenance coverage. Documentation for procedures may havehigher value for the administrators at the supply chain coordinatorcorporate, and less so at an end user level, as reliance on the accuracyof these materials falls into a very defined set of users.

[0817] Identifying the Threats

[0818] Once the assets requiring protection are identified, it may beuseful to identify the threats to those assets. The threats may then beexamined to determine what potential for loss exists. The following areclassic threats to be considered:

[0819] 1. Unauthorized access to resources and/or information

[0820] 2. Unintended and/or unauthorized disclosure of information

[0821] 3. Denial of service

[0822] The remainder of this section will outline and identify securitypolicies that address these types of threats for most types of assets.

Creating Policy

[0823] In order for a security policy to be appropriate and effective,it needs to have the acceptance and support of all levels of employeeswithin an organization. The ISC web portal has the additional challengeof integrating policy acceptance from third party organizations. Theseoutside organizations may have conflicting policies or policies that areconsidered substandard to the needs for the supply chain coordinator.

[0824] It is especially important that corporate management fullysupport the security policy process otherwise there is little chancethat they will have the intended impact, no matter where the incidentresides. The following list of individuals should be involved in thecreation and review of security policy documents:

[0825] Site Security Administrator

[0826] Information Technology Technical Staff

[0827] Administrators of Large User Groups (e.g. Domain organizations,business divisions)

[0828] Security Incident Response Team

[0829] Representatives of the user groups affected by the securitypolicy

[0830] Responsible management

[0831] Legal Counsel

[0832] This list is representative, but not necessarily comprehensive.The supply chain coordinator may find as it adds functionality to theweb portal that additional representation may be required, especiallywhen integrating third party or member level systems and networks. Itmay be helpful to bring in representation from stakeholders, managementwith budget and policy authority, technical staff with knowledge aboutwhat can and cannot be supported, and legal counsel that understand thelegal ramifications of various policy choices.

Recommended Policies

[0833] This section will discuss the specific policy requirements forthe web portal. The recommended policies are based on Internet industrystandards and best practices for web portal security.

[0834] Appropriate Use Policy (AUP)

[0835] An Appropriate Use Policy (AUP) may also be part of a securitypolicy. It should spell out what users shall and shall not do on thevarious components of the system, including the type of traffic allowedon the networks. The AUP should be as explicit as a possible to avoidambiguity or misunderstanding.

[0836] Privacy Policy

[0837] Privacy of files and information stored on or within the webportal applications needs to be assured. User information that includesname, address, financial information, and other confidential informationmay at times need to be shared.

[0838] Sometimes during the normal course of operations, a member of theweb portal support staff will have a need to view a file belonging toanother user of the system. Some examples are: helping a user with anapplication problem which requires access to the supply chaincoordinator's source program; or helping a user resolve an electronicmail problem which requires viewing part of the user's mail messagefile. Whenever required to view a user's file in the course of helpingthat user, the consent of the user can be first obtained. In all casesthe client should be advised that his/her file(s) may need to beviewed/accessed to assist them.

[0839] When assisting web portal users, it is recommended that theSupport Staff should use the following guidelines:

[0840] Use and disclose the users data/information only to the extentnecessary to perform the work required to assist the user. Particularemphasis should be placed on restricting disclosure of thedata/information to those persons who have a definite need for the datain order to perform their work in assisting the user.

[0841] Do not reproduce user's data/information unless specificallypermitted by the user.

[0842] Refrain from disclosing a user's data/information to thirdparties unless written consent is provided by the user.

[0843] Return or deliver to the user, when requested, alldata/information or copies to the user or someone they designate.

[0844] The privacy policy should define reasonable expectations ofprivacy regarding other issues such as monitoring of electronic mail,logging of keystrokes, as well as access to users' files.

[0845] Access Policy

[0846] Clearly defined access policies may be helpful to the success forimplementing and sustaining a secured web portal. The ability to grantaccess rights occurs throughout the levels of security as defined by thebusiness needs for the supply chain coordinator corporate, members,suppliers, and distributors. This complexity forces the need for aneffective access policy to assure clear adherence to these businessrules.

[0847] An access policy needs to define access rights and privileges toprotect assets from loss or disclosure by specifying acceptable useguidelines for users, operations staff, and management. It shouldprovide guidelines for external connections, data communications,connecting devices to a network, and adding new software to systems. Itshould also specify any required notification messages (e.g. connectmessages should provide warnings about authorized usage and linemonitoring, and not simply say “Welcome”).

[0848] The web portal has identified several concerns as outlined in thevoice of the customer (VOC) section earlier, and from those issues isthe following recommended approach for granting, restricting, andmonitoring access rights:

[0849] 1. Ensure a minimum level of consistent access control for supplychain coordinator information assets.

[0850] 2. Ensure protection of the supply chain coordinator informationresources in a manner befitting their value and the risks to which theyare exposed. It will assure that:

[0851] Access is granted proactively rather than by default

[0852] Decisions are made by appropriate persons

[0853] Decisions are implemented accurately

[0854] Access control integrity is maintained

[0855] Security violations are monitored and followed up appropriately

[0856] 1. Ensure that managers of personnel who perform system/securityadministration functions are responsible for ensuring compliance withthis standard.

[0857] Note: The Chief Security Officer should recognize that there maybe instances where compelling business need warrants use of a systemthat cannot comply with this standard. It is strongly recommended thatrequests for exceptions must be approved by the Chief Security Officer.

[0858] The following items should be part of the overall access policy,as well as detailed in separate and distinct policy statements (see thefollowing sections):

[0859] Authorization

[0860] Authorization refers to the process of granting privileges toprocesses and ultimately to users. This differs from Authentication inthat authentication is the process used to identify a user (see nextsection). Once identified reliably, the privileges, rights, property,and permissible actions of the user are determined by authorization.

[0861] In a reasonable security system, it is impossible to explicitlylist all of the authorized activities of each user with respect to allresources. The recommended approach is outlined within the sectionentitled Technology (below) that allows for roles and groupings to helpmanage and maintain the authorization levels for collections of users.The Technology section also describes how hierarchies can be implementedto provide greater flexibility for authorization, and expendauthorization controls to span of data control as well as applicationaccess control.

[0862] However a solution is implemented, policies governingauthorization should include the following stipulations:

[0863] Requests for access must be properly authorized BEFORE beinggranted

[0864] A process must be followed to ensure that the authorization isvalid. In the case when security administration is done for a largenumber of users with many authorizers, it may be useful to maintain alist of authorized signers or signatures.

[0865] Administration

[0866] Administration of access rights should be simple and easy tomaintain. Policies that specify administrative users and their accessrights and privileges should be clearly defined before assigningresponsibilities. Who is responsible for what types of administrationactivities will be the primary result of definitive access policiesspecifically for administrators. Certain aspects of access policy willsimply the role of the administrator, including the following items:

[0867] The user identifications should be unique within the domain forwhich a particular administrator is responsible. User identificationsare called various names depending on the system used. Examples include:USERID, ID, LOGON ID.

[0868] New passwords should be issued by a process that ensures thatthey will not be disclosed to anyone other than the intended recipient.If disclosure occurs in the issuing process, the process must detect it.

[0869] Activity/Violation Review

[0870] It is important to clearly identify within the Access policy thatthese activities are monitored and tracked. A review process should bein place to assure that the access rights and privileges are grantedappropriately. The following aspects should be addressed in the Accesspolicy:

[0871] Security administration activity must be reviewed to verify itsaccuracy and appropriateness. This review must be conducted by someoneother than the person whose activity is being reviewed.

[0872] Reported security violations should be reviewed daily. Recordsshould be kept to show that the review occurred, by whom it wasconducted and what action, if any, was taken.

[0873] Record Keeping

[0874] If a data processing system is used as a record keeping system,sufficient backup should be provided to allow recovery of the securityactivity records in case of system problems.

[0875] Records that show the person to whom an ID has been issued, theaccess requested, the person who authorized it, must be maintained.

[0876] Records of IDs that have been suspended and reactivated should bemaintained. These will assist in detecting users who need more trainingor IDs that are being used for unauthorized access attempts.

[0877] Records of terminated employees' access should be kept on handfor at least six months after termination. After that time period thatinformation may be placed in accessible archives.

[0878] Records for security violations should be maintained onsite for aminimum of one month. These records will assist in detecting longer termtrend and penetration attempts.

[0879] Records should be kept to show system/security administratoractivities:

[0880] Have been reviewed

[0881] By whom the review was conducted

[0882] What action was taken to deal with any noted exception conditions

[0883] It is important to include policy and procedures for grantingaccess as well as removing access for web portal users.

[0884] Remote Access

[0885] While Internet-based attacks get most of the media attention,most computer system break-ins occur via dial-up modems. The nature ofthe supply chain coordinator's membership and access requirements willin most cases use dial-up modem access. Policies and procedures tospecify and monitor the method and use of dial-in access need to bestated.

[0886] There are a variety of configurations for supporting remoteaccess via dial-up lines and other means. In general, the major securityissue is authentication—making sure that only legitimate users canremotely access your system. The use of one-time passwords and hardwaretokens is recommended for most companies; however, the supply chaincoordinator's web portal user communities may not be able or willing tomonitor these remote access devices, particularly due to high expenseand difficulty to track.

[0887] Another issue is the supply chain coordinator's ability tomonitor the use of remote access capabilities. The most effectiveapproach is to centralize the modems into remote access servers or modempools. This design enables an easier monitoring and tracking of dial-inusage.

[0888] For low level security requirements, the following dial-in policyis sufficient:

[0889] All users who access the web portal system through dial-inconnections must periodically change their passwords.

[0890] However, the supply chain coordinator has set requirements thatdemand higher levels of security, with information sources beyond justthe supply chain coordinator servers, but also at third party locations,so it may become useful to increase the dial-in protection policystatement to the following:

[0891] Direct dial-in connections to the supply chain coordinator webportal systems must be approved by the Operations Support Manager andthe Chief Security Officer.

[0892] Information regarding access to company computer andcommunication systems, such as dial-up modem phone numbers, isconsidered confidential. This information must not be posted onelectronic bulletin boards, listed in telephone directories, placed onbusiness cards, or made available to third parties without the writtenpermission of the Operations Support Manager. The Operations SupportManager will periodically scan direct dial-in lines to monitorcompliance with policies and may periodically change the telephonenumbers to make it more difficult for unauthorized parties to locatecompany communications numbers.

[0893] Additional policy statements should address encryption within anyremote access policy, as suggested in the following:

[0894] All remote access to the web portal system, whether via dial-upor Internet access, must use encryption services to protect theconfidentiality of the session. Supply chain coordinator approved remoteaccess products must be used to assure interoperability for remoteaccess server encryption technologies.

[0895] Physical Access

[0896] It may be useful for the supply chain coordinator to put intoplace appropriate safeguards to limit physical access to any computer orcomputer related device. The retailer level access has multipleopportunities for non-authorized access, and may even require physicallocks or other types of security devices to prevent theft of equipment.It becomes more important to set policies in place that at a minimumattempt to secure physical access in the following ways:

[0897] Secure Locations. Mainframe, servers and other computer devicesmay be stored in a location that protects them from unauthorizedphysical access. Physical access to such equipment potentially providesaccess to information stored therein. Placing equipment where suchaccess may not be easily restricted does not preclude accountability forsuch access.

[0898] Location Selection. Physical locations for all computer relatedequipment should be selected to protect against equipment andinformation loss by flood, fire, and other disasters, natural orman-made.

[0899] Review of New Connections to Outside Sources. Proposed access toor from a network external to the agency must be reviewed and approvedby the organization head or designee prior to establishment of theconnection.

[0900] Review of Installation. Installation, upgrade, changes or repairsof computer equipment and computer related devices (hardware, software,firmware) must be reviewed by the organization head for potentialphysical security risks.

[0901] Platform-specific Physical Security. Platform-specific physicalsecurity must be established, implemented and periodically reviewed andrevised as necessary to address physical vulnerabilities of thatplatform.

[0902] Laptop, Notebook and Portable Computer Devices. Portablecomputing devices must not be left unattended at any time unless thedevice has been secured. When traveling, portable computers shouldremain with the user's carry-on hand luggage.

[0903] It is equally important to state within a physical access policythat the accountability for such access is not precluded whereexceptions must be made, such as in a restaurant, where locked officesare not common. Users should remain accountable for usage regardlesswhen reasonable attempts have been made to secure physical access to theweb portal.

[0904] Accountability Policy

[0905] An Accountability Policy is needed to define the responsibilitiesof users, operations staff, and management. It should specify an auditcapability, and provide incident handling guidelines (i.e. what to doand whom to contact if a possible intrusion is detected). The previoussection outlined procedures for incident handling, and clearaccountabilities should be stated in conjunction with those processes.

[0906] Authentication Policy

[0907] An Authentication Policy establishes trust through an effectivepassword policy, and by setting guidelines for remote locationauthentication and the use of authentication devices (e.g. one-timepasswords and the devices that generate them). Encryption may also beused to authenticate users, as it requires possessing a key tounscramble data, and this policy may apply for some of the moresensitive data exchanges provided through the web portal.

[0908] Robust Passwords

[0909] In many cases of system penetration, the intruder needs to gainaccess to an account on the system. One way that goal is typicallyaccomplished is through guessing the password of a legitimate user. Thisattempt is often accomplished by running an automated password crackingprogram, utilizing a very large dictionary, against the system'spassword file. The only way to guard against passwords being disclosedin this manner is through the careful selection of passwords that cannotbe easily guessed (i.e. combinations of numbers, letters, andpunctuation characters). Passwords should also be as long as the systemsupports and users can tolerate.

[0910] Change Default Passwords

[0911] Many existing security systems and application programs areinstalled with default accounts and passwords. These should be changedimmediately to something that cannot be easily guessed or cracked.

[0912] Restrict Access to the Password File

[0913] Restrict access to the password file, in particular, the securitysystem should protect the encrypted password portion of the file so thatwould-be intruders do not have them available for cracking. Oneeffective technique is to use shadow passwords where the password fieldof the standard file contains a dummy or false password. The filecontaining the legitimate passwords are protected elsewhere on thesystem.

[0914] Password Aging

[0915] When and how to expire passwords may become a subject ofcontroversy among the security community. It is generally accepted thata password should not be maintained once an account is no longer in use,yet it is hotly debated whether a user should be forced to change a goodpassword that is in active use. The opposition claims that frequentpassword changes lead to users writing down their passwords in visibleareas (such as sticky notes on a terminal), or for users to select verysimple passwords that provide very little if any protection.

[0916] Password Lock-outs/Account Blocking

[0917] Some sites find it useful to disable accounts after a predefinednumber of failed attempts to authenticate. If the supply chaincoordinator site uses this mechanism, it is recommended that themechanism not “advertise” itself. After disabling, even if the correctpassword is presented, the message displayed should remain that of afailed login attempt. Implementing this mechanism will requirelegitimate users to contact their system administrator to request thattheir account be reactivated.

[0918] At the supply chain coordinator Member level, it may become costprohibitive and even an operational nuisance to field the numerous callsthat may result from retailer level users locking out of the system.This type of policy may need to be adjusted for effectiveness, as onerisks similar issues of writing down passwords in visible locations inorder to avoid accidental lock-outs.

[0919] Encryption

[0920] There will be information assets that the supply chaincoordinator will want to protect from disclosure to unauthorizedentities. Many existing security systems have built-in file protectionmechanisms that allow an administrator to control who on the system mayaccess or “see” the contents of a given file.

[0921] A stronger way to provide confidentiality is through encryption.Encryption is accomplished by scrambling data so that it is verydifficult and time consuming for anyone other than the authorizedrecipients or owners to obtain the plain text. Authorized recipients andthe owner of the information will possess the corresponding decryptionkeys that allow them to easily unscramble the text to a readable form.The supply chain coordinator should consider the extent and value of itsinformation assets (as outlined previously) to determine the need forencryption protection.

[0922] Additionally, the use of encryption is sometimes controlled bygovernmental and site regulations, so the supply chain coordinatorshould encourage administrators to become informed of laws or policiesthat regulate its use before employing it. As the specific encryptionneeds require clearly identified data and information sources, so it isoutside the scope of this document to mention various programs availablefor this purpose. However the recommended solutions in this documentinclude systems that provide appropriate use of encryption.

[0923] Availability Statement

[0924] An Availability Statement sets users' expectations for theavailability of resources. It should address redundancy and recoveryissues, as well as specify operating hours and maintenance down-timeperiods. It should also include contact information for reporting systemand network failures.

[0925] Information Technology System and Network Maintenance Policy

[0926] An Information Technology System and Network Maintenance Policydescribes how both internal and external maintenance people are allowedto handle and access technology. One important topic to be addressedhere is whether remote maintenance is allowed and how such access iscontrolled. Another area for consideration here is outsourcing and howit is managed.

[0927] Violations Reporting Policy

[0928] A Violations Reporting Policy indicates the types of violationsthat must be reported (e.g. privacy and security, internal andexternal), and to whom these reports are made. A non-threateningatmosphere and the possibility of anonymous reporting will result in agreater probability that a violation will be reported if it is detected.

[0929] Supporting information should provide users, staff, andmanagement with contact information for each type of policy violation;guidelines on how to handle outside queries about a security incident,or information that may be considered confidential or proprietary; andcross-references to security procedures and related information, such ascompany policies and governmental laws and regulations.

Functional Requirements Introduction

[0930] The purpose of this section is to specify the capabilities thatmust be available in the portal to achieve the security related CTQs.

[0931] The section will begin by defining some terms that are commonlyassociated with the management of security and access.

[0932] Next the portal will be viewed from the perspective of securityand access management to identify the components that are associatedwith security and access management.

[0933] Lastly each component will be described in terms of the specificfunctions it must provide to effectively secure and manage portalaccess.

[0934] Some features that characterize the capabilities the portal mustpossess in order to achieve its CTQs will be used to validate eachfunctional component. These features will include the ones that wereexplicitly cited in the user workshops plus some capabilities that wereadded after those sessions.

Definitions

[0935] This section will set a baseline for functional specificationdiscussion by:

[0936] Defining concepts and terms that are commonly employed to managesecurity and access.

[0937] Describing each in the context of the portal and it community.

[0938] Specifying, where applicable, how each will be used to managesecurity and access.

[0939] Community

[0940] Community refers to all of the users of the portal. The securitycapabilities will be used manage access within the community.

[0941] Domain

[0942] A domain is a community subset that relates to a type of user inthe portal.

[0943] The portal is comprised of the following domains:

[0944] Members (franchisees)

[0945] Distributors

[0946] Suppliers

[0947] Corporate

[0948] An individual can belong to one or more domains.

[0949] Group

[0950] A group relates to an organizational entity in the portal.Examples of groups are a member company or a specific supplier ordistributor company.

[0951] Groups belong to domains.

[0952] Groups are made up of one or more data related entities. Aretailer is an example of a data related entity.

[0953] Groups can be enabled to create sub-groups. A member regionaldivision that consists of several retailers is an example of asub-group.

[0954] The reason for having groups is to define authorization. A groupspecifies the data that can be accessed by the individuals that areassociated with the group.

[0955] Role

[0956] Roles relate to a set of permission within a group.

[0957] Examples of roles are:

[0958] Administrator

[0959] Store manager

[0960] Retail outlet owner

[0961] Roles can be aligned with a corporate function (e.g. marketing)or other criteria.

[0962] Reasons for having roles is to define privilege. A role specifiesthe portal functions an individual can access.

[0963] User

[0964] A user relates to an individual in the community.

[0965] User will belong to a domain (i.e. member, supplier, distributoror supply chain coordinator).

[0966] User must be associated with one group.

[0967] User may or may not have a role assigned to them.

[0968] A user's access is controlled through the group(s) to which theybelong (authorization) and the role that has been assigned to them(privileges).

[0969] Hierarchy

[0970] A hierarchy is a tree structure that maps to a specific domainentity's organization (e.g. member ABC).

[0971] Hierarchies can apply to groups and/or users.

[0972] Group hierarchies are used to further refine authorization.

[0973] View data from any point downwards

[0974] Restrict at intermediate levels below the top group level.

[0975] User hierarchies can be used to delegate permissions or to createusers owned by other users (e.g. the relation ship of a district managerto the retailer managers that report to him/her).

Components

[0976]FIG. 72 shows several applications for the portal 7200. Users(members, suppliers and distributors) 7202 will access the portal viathe Internet. Depending on the portal hosting arrangements, users mayaccess the portal via their internal LAN or through the Internet. Accessto the portal and its application will be controlled by the securitycomponent 7204. The security component will be managed by the supplychain coordinator and user administrators who have been designated bythe supply chain coordinator.

[0977]FIG. 73 shows an expanded view of the portal 7300 from a securityand access control perspective. The role of each component shown isbriefly described.

[0978] User Logon 7302

[0979] The user logon component verifies that a user is authorized toaccess to the portal.

[0980] Community Management 7304

[0981] The community management component allows administrators tomanage the users in their span of control within the portal.Specifically they can add, change and delete users and they can controlwhat users can view and what functions they can perform.

[0982] Policy Management 7306

[0983] The policy management component uses the user authorizations andprivileges to verify that a user is authorized to perform a requestedfunction.

[0984] Reporting 7308

[0985] The reporting component provides the administrators with user andactivity information that is suitable for managing security and access.

Functions

[0986] The purpose of this section is to specify the functions that maybe useful for delivering the features for achieving the portal'ssecurity related CTQ.

[0987] The following factors can be considered in specifying thefunctions:

[0988] The security features that were identified by the members,supplier and distributors in their workshop sessions. These are thecharacteristics of the portal that must be present in order to meettheir CTQs.

[0989] Additional features that were identified in follow-up reviewsessions with supply chain coordinator personnel. These are more subtlefeatures that emerged during technical, organizational and authorizationdiscussions.

[0990] Best practices that are frequently employed in system securityand access management.

[0991] Each functional component will first be described in terms ofpurpose and general approach. Then details will be provided for eachfunction to specify the capabilities that must be present.

[0992] Assuming that the supply chain coordinator desires to useexisting 3^(rd) party software as much as possible, the traditionalapproach of specifying inputs, processing and outputs for each functionwill not be strictly followed here. Rather, the emphasis will be placedon clearly describing the full set of capabilities that will be requiredto deliver the features needed to meet the CTQs. The details associatedwith the specifics of inputs, forms, detailed processing and outputswill vary by vendor and the vendor's approach to providing the necessarycapabilities. It will be the job of the vendors to provide these detailsso that the supply chain coordinator can use them to determine the bestapproach for their requirements.

[0993] Logon (Authentication)

[0994] Function Purpose

[0995] The logon function represents the first line of security and itvalidates that a user is authorized to access the portal.

[0996] Function Details

[0997] The authentication process begins when a user connects to theportal. At that time they will be prompted for:

[0998] Company ID

[0999] User ID

[1000] Password

[1001] The user will enter the requested data and it will be encryptedprior to sending it to the portal logon function. Additionally thepassword field will be masked when the user enters it (i.e. it won'tprint on the screen when the user enters it).

[1002] Once the user has submitted the information, the logon functionwill check the portal access control list to determine if access ispermitted to the companyID/userID/password combination that the usersubmitted.

[1003] Users failing to enter a valid companyID/userID/passwordcombination will be notified of the failure and re-prompted. A userIDwill be locked out after n failures.

[1004] The logon function will provide the following password managementcapabilities:

[1005] Password disablement after an administrator specified period ofinactivity.

[1006] New user must provide a new password the first time they logon tothe portal.

[1007] Passwords will expire after an administrator specified period oftime and the user will be required to provide a new one.

[1008] Alternate passwords will be provided for lost/forgotten passwordsituations.

[1009] New passwords will be subjected to minimum security passwordvalidation rules. These will include things like minimum/maximum length,percent of characters that must differ, uniqueness, etc.

[1010] Once a user has been successfully authenticated the system will:

[1011] Offer an option to the user to change their password.

[1012] Show the date and time the user last sign on to the system(detect stolen user ID and password).

[1013] Retrieve the user's profile data that defines what data andfunctions the user can access and transfer to the policy managementfunction (i.e. portal main menu).

[1014] All details associated with the logon session will be written tothe audit log. The system administrator will be notified of user IDlockout. The following table lists User Specified Features. TABLE 9 CTQFeature Category Explanation Lockout user after n Security, unsuccessfullogon attempts Prevention Notify administrator of Security, This is aproactive notification lockouts Prevention that occurs via email, pager,etc. when the attempt occurs On line monitoring Security, This includesadministrator Prevention notification of lockout and could be expandedto include other threats or situations. Provide alternate passwordsFlexibility for lost/forgotten password situations Password expiration;Security, require periodic password Prevention changes Acceptablepassword length Security parameters Ability to assign/select SecurityUser can specify their password password and change it any time. Abilityto transfer logon Simplicity The ability to transfer the userintelligence. profile information that specifies what data andapplications they can access is helpful for supporting a single sign oncapability for the portal. Record all activities to the Security, Thiswas not an explicitly stated audit log Preven- feature. However, it willbe tion, required to support the reporting Reporting features that wererequested by the users.

[1015] Community Management

[1016] The community management capability allows administrators tomanage the user activities within the portal. Specifically it providesthe capabilities to add, change and delete users, and to manage what theuser can see and what functions they can perform.

[1017] Community management can be covered in four sections:

[1018] Community/Domain Wide Administration Describes the supply chaincoordinator system wide administrative capabilities that will berequired to establish the community and the entities that make it up(i.e. members, suppliers, distributors and supply chain coordinator).

[1019] Basic Delegated Community Management Describes the capabilitiesthat will be needed to achieve the CTQs. Many of the capabilities thatare found in this basic model can be accommodated by 3^(rd) partysoftware. Some custom programming will likely be required to manageauthorization within the complex organizational structures found at thesupply chain coordinator.

[1020] Group Hierarchical Management Describes the use of hierarchies tomanage access. This will achieve many of the simplicity and flexibilityrelated CTQs that were not meet by the basic model. It will likelyrequire custom development.

[1021] Data Publication Describes a capability that is need to supportsituations such as joint ownership of stores and corporate boardcommittees. It will enable the owner of a group to permit user in othergroups to access data in the owner's group. This will be largely customdevelopment.

[1022] Community/Domain Wide Administration

[1023] Function Purpose

[1024] There are certain capabilities that affect the entire communityor all of the occupants of a domain (members, suppliers, distributorsand supply chain coordinator). These are limited to a single system wideadministrator and potentially to domain administrators.

[1025] Function Details

[1026] Community and domain wide administration will include thefollowing capabilities:

[1027] Community wide administration

[1028] Add/change or delete a domain.

[1029] Delegate domain administration to a domain administrator.

[1030] Domain administration Domains are comprised of organizations(e.g. members). Organizations are made up of data related entities(retailers, distribution center, plants, etc.). The domain administratorneeds the following capabilities to create and manage organizations thatmake up their domain.

[1031] Add, change and delete data related entities (e.g. retailers).

[1032] Link data related entities together (e.g. retailers) into anorganization (e.g. member).

[1033] Create an organization administrator and delegate theadministration of their organization to them.

[1034] Basic Delegated Community Management

[1035] Function Purpose

[1036] The purpose of community management is to provide a subadministrator with the ability to control what their users can view andwhat tasks they can perform.

[1037] An administrator who has been granted administrative privilegesfor the sub domain that represents their organization performs communitymanagement (e.g. a member's retail outlets make up the member's subdomain).

[1038] The basic model provides the administrator with tools that areused to manage a user's access (view and tasks). These tools include:

[1039] Groups to specify span of control.

[1040] Privileges to specify tasks

[1041] Roles to specify a set of privileges that are associated with afunction (e.g. retail outlet manager).

[1042] Community management then provides the administrator with theability to add, change and delete users.

[1043] Lastly it enables the administrator to control user's view andaccess rights by associating them with a group of data related entities(e.g. retailer) to specify what the user can see and with a role orspecific privileges to specify what tasks the user can perform.

[1044]FIG. 74 is a flow diagram showing how group and roles manageaccess. User ABC 7402 is associated with Group 2 and is assign a managerrole. This entitles ABC to order F and P and view forecasts for retailoutlets 1 and 2.

[1045] Function Details

[1046] Functional details will be covered in the context of groups,roles and users.

[1047] Group Management

[1048] As stated earlier, a group is an organizational entity that ismade up of one or more data related entities. The retail outlets ownedby a franchisee comprise a member group. Groups serve to specify auser's span of control when they are associated with a user.

[1049] An administrator who has been authorized to manage groups cancreate new groups, and change and delete existing groups.

[1050] New groups:

[1051] Requires an ID that is unique in the administrator's span ofcontrol.

[1052] Requires a descriptive name.

[1053] Entities (e.g. retailers) that are placed in the new group mustexist within the administrator's span of control.

[1054] In order to change or delete a group, it must exist in theadministrator's span of control. Entities being added to an existinggroup (change) must exist in the administrators span of control.

[1055] Role Management

[1056] A role is a functional entity that is made up of tasks thefunction is permitted to perform. A restaurant manager is a role that ispermitted (i.e. given a privilege) to perform the tasks of ordering foodand packaging, and viewing forecasts.

[1057] An administrator who has been authorized to manage roles cancreate new roles, and change and delete existing ones.

[1058] An administrator must possess any privilege they assign to arole.

[1059] New roles:

[1060] Requires an ID that is unique in the administrators span ofcontrol.

[1061] Requires a descriptive name

[1062] In order to change or delete a role, it must exist in theadministrator's span of control.

[1063] Privileges can be specified as default or optional when they areassigned to a role. Default privileges are automatically given to a userwhen they are assigned to a role. The administrator must explicitlyspecify each optional privilege (yes/no) for a user when they areassigned a role.

[1064] A role may be assigned to a group as well as to a user. When itis associated with a group, users receive the privileges specified bythe role when they are associated with the group.

[1065] User Management

[1066] A user is an individual who is authorized to perform some set oftasks on behalf of a group (e.g. a set of retail outlets).

[1067] An administrator who has been authorized to manage users cancreate new users, and change and delete existing ones.

[1068] A company ID, a user ID and a password identify a user. Theadministrator cannot view the user password.

[1069] New users:

[1070] Require a user ID that is unique in the sub domain (e.g. uniquewithin a member organization).

[1071] Require an email address.

[1072] Require a descriptive information such as name and address name.

[1073] The system will assign the password to a new user and inform themof it via email.

[1074] User span of control:

[1075] The administrator specifies a user's span of control byassociating the user with a group(s) that represent the desired span ofcontrol.

[1076] The administrator can associate (add) and disassociate (remove)users with groups.

[1077] In order modify a user's span of control, the user must existwithin the administrator's span of control.

[1078] In order associate a user with a group, the group must existwithin the administrator's span of control.

[1079] User/group application access:

[1080] The administrator specifies the application a user/group canperform by assigning roles/privileges to the user/group.

[1081] The administrator can add and remove roles/privileges fromusers/groups.

[1082] In order assign a role to a user/group, the role must existwithin the administrator's span of control.

[1083] In order modify a user roles/privileges, the user must existwithin the administrator's span of control.

[1084] An administrator must possess any privilege they assign to auser/group.

[1085] If a role is being assigned to a user/group, and if the role hasoptional privileges, the administrator will be shown the optionalprivileges and allowed to remove ones that they don't want to grant tothe user.

[1086] Other

[1087] All details associated with community management activities willbe written to the audit log.

[1088] A capability to link community management with the supply chaincoordinator's member management system is required to eliminateduplicate data entry and keep the two systems synchronized.

[1089] A batch bulk load capability is required to enable user to exportdata from existing systems to set up their organization in the portalcommunity. TABLE 10 CTQ Feature Category Explanation Distributedcommunity Flexibility Users need to be able to administration managetheir users and their access within the portal. They don't want to bedependent on the supply chain coordinator. Ability to add, change andSecurity, delete users. Flexibility Ability to assign access toSecurity, Specify span of control and users Flexibility privilegesAbility to create roles or Simplicity, level of users FlexibilityAbility to set up default Simplicity, levels of access FlexibilityAbility to clone and/or Simplicity, access rights Flexibility Massdelete of users Simplicity, Not provided as a part of Flexibilitycommunity management. Ability to copy a user ID Simplicity, Provide toextent that a user's Flexibility access attributes can be easilyspecified through groups and roles Ability to export user load CostLarge member would like to information from member use existing data tobackend. establish/maintain their organization in the portal. User canbe associated with Flexibility District manager A is a multiple groups.backup for district manager B. As a result, A will need to performordering district A and B and will need to be associated with bothgroups. Feature will also be required to support organizations such asfinance who will need to view the data of several groups.

[1090] Hierarchy

[1091] Function Purpose

[1092] The basic community model that was outlined in the previoussection supported authorization and access management for a flat singlelevel organization. Although this can be adapted to support amulti-level organization, it falls short on the CTQs related tosimplicity and flexibility. Specifically, the administrator must creategroups to correspond to each span of control. This results in a singleentity having to be included in several groups. For example, a singleretailer may be included in a district, region and a corporate group.Administration in a scenario like this is complex and labor intensive.It becomes particularly cumbersome and error prone because things likean organization change (e.g. new retail outlet) requires themodification of several groups (i.e. add it to district, region andcorporate group).

[1093] A hierarchy provides a superior way to manage span of control andaccess. The hierarchy defines a company's organization. A user's span ofcontrol is set by associating them to the node of the hierarchy thatcorresponds to their position in the company. This associationauthorizes them to view the data associated with any entity that belongto the node to which they are assigned. In the case of a new retailoutlet, assigning it to a manager also places it in the span of controlof the manager's district and region mangers and the corporate CEO.

[1094] Hierarchies can also simplify the specification of userprivileges by associating them to a hierarchy.

[1095] Although hierarchies introduce technical complexity, they greatlysimplify administration in large and complex organizations.

[1096] The following outlines the requirement details associated withhierarchies.

[1097] Function Details

[1098] A hierarchy is made up of nodes where a node represents abusiness function (e.g. retail outlet manager, district manager, etc.).The bottom nodes of a hierarchy are associated with a data relatedentity (e.g. retail outlet is associated with a manager node/function).They are then grouped under nodes at successively higher levels (e.g.districts, regions, etc.). The top of the hierarchy is a single node(e.g. corporate). In a hierarchy an entity (e.g. retail outlet) willappear in the span of control of each successive parent node.

[1099] The following administrative capabilities are required to manageauthorization and access with hierarchies.

[1100] Hierarchy Management

[1101] Add a node Specify a parent node in a hierarchy and add a nodebeneath it.

[1102] Delete a node Specify a node in a hierarchy and delete it. Thisalso results in the deletion of any dependent nodes reporting to thenode that was deleted.

[1103] Move a node Specify a node in a hierarchy and move it and itsdependents to another node (drag and drop).

[1104] Associate a data entity with a node Specify a node in a hierarchyand associate a data related entity to it (e.g. retailer) with it. Inthis situation, no nodes can exist beneath the node specified. Also thedata related entity must exist in the administrator's span of control.

[1105] Disassociate a data entity with a node Specify a data relatedentity in a hierarchy structure and delete it from it parent node.

[1106] Move a data entity from one node to another Specify a datarelated entity in a hierarchy structure and move it from its presentparent node to a new parent node (drag and drop).

[1107] User Span of Control Management

[1108] Span of control relates to the data a user can view. Under ahierarchy, associating a user to a node in a hierarchy specifies theirspan of control. This association entitles the user to view the dataassociated with any entity that is found in the user's node group.

[1109] User Access Management

[1110] Access management relates to the functions a user can perform. Itis controlled by privileges and roles that are assigned to a user(groups of privileges). Under a hierarchy, roles and privileges can beassociated to a node. Any user who is then associated to the nodereceives the privileges that accompany it. See the table below. TABLE 11CTQ Feature Category Explanation Ability to publish rights andSimplicity, privileges across hierarchies. Flexibility Ability toauthorize multiple Simplicity, levels of a hierarchy Flexibility Abilityto manage access Simplicity, against hierarchies Flexibility Flexibledata access and Simplicity, management. Flexibility

[1111] Data Publication

[1112] Function Purpose

[1113] Portal data (e.g. a retailer) is owned by one and only one subdomain entity (e.g. member). The ability to view and process that datais restricted to users and groups who inhabit the entity's sub domainand who have been authorized to do so by its administrator.

[1114] However, there are several business situations where anorganization needs to view and process data that is owned by anotherorganization that may or may not belong to the same domain. Some commonexamples are:

[1115] Two members share ownership of a retailer. As a result bothmembers need to view information about the jointly held retail outletsand order supplies for them.

[1116] Members belong to the supply chain coordinator board or corporatecommittees. In order to participate in these roles the members need toview and potentially access data in the supply chain coordinator'sdomain.

[1117] The data publication capability is a mechanism for the owners(e.g. member A) of an entity (e.g. retailer 123) to permit a users inanother organization (e.g. member B) to view and access the entity's(i.e. retailer 123) data.

[1118] Function Details

[1119] Data publication is an administrative privilege. It is used by adata owner's administrator to setup a relationship with another party inthe portal that will allow that party to view and access data entities(e.g. retailers) that are found the owner's sub domain.

[1120] The data publication function will possess the followingcapabilities.

[1121] The administrator can add, change or delete a data publicationrelationship.

[1122] Any data entity that is published must exist in the administratorspan of control.

[1123] The following elements will be provided to specify a datapublication relationship.

[1124] The span of control (view) that is associated with a datapublication. The span of control may be specified as an individualentity (e.g. a retailer), a group (e.g. a district) or a hierarchicalnode (if a hierarchy feature is provided).

[1125] Privileges or functions the receiver can perform with thepublished data.

[1126] The domain (i.e. member, supplier, distributor, supply chaincoordinator) and sub-domain ID (company ID) of the organization to whichthe data is being published.

[1127] The group or node ID in the receiving organization that thepublished data will be associated with.

[1128] The user ID of the person in the receiving organization who willown the data. This person will control the user views and access(privileges) associated with the published data in their organization.

[1129] All details associated with creating or modifying a datapublication relationship will be written to the audit log.

[1130] The following table sets forth User Specified Features: TABLE 12CTQ Feature Category Explanation User can view or access SimplicityJoint ownership of retail outlets by data in another sub- Flexibilitydistinct members. domain in their domain. User can view or accessSimplicity Support board of directors and data in different domain.Flexibility committees that require members to view and access supplychain coordinator corporate data.

[1131] Policy Enforcement

[1132] Function Purpose

[1133] The policy enforcement function is a centralized capability thatmanages access to all of the applications that comprise the portal.

[1134] Policies specify the access requirements for each applicationthat makes up the portal. The policy enforcement function determines ifa requesting user meets the access requirements for an application. Theuser is granted access by the policy enforcement function if they meetthey requirements specified by the policy.

[1135] Function Details

[1136] A central administrative capability is required to maintain thepolicies that are used to manage access to the portal's applications.

[1137] The details associated with policy enforcement are as follows:

[1138] When a user successfully logs on to the system by providing avalid user ID and password, their span of control and applicationprivileges are retrieved.

[1139] The user is presented with main menu for the portal.

[1140] The user requests a function from the menu.

[1141] The policy enforcement function retrieves the access policies forthe requested application from the central policy repository.

[1142] The user's span of control and application privileges areevaluated against the application's policies.

[1143] If the user satisfies the requirements specified by the policy,access is granted.

[1144] If the user does not satisfy the requirements specified by thepolicy, access is denied.

[1145] Details associated with an access request are recorded in thecentral audit log.

[1146] The policy enforcement function is responsible for interfacingwith the portal applications and passing them information about the userthat they require.

[1147] The following table sets forth User Specified Features. TABLE 13CTQ Feature Category Explanation Single sign on Simplicity After signingon to the portal, the user can access all applications that make up theportal. Ability to integrate with Simplicity Provide the affiliateaffiliates (i.e. other 3^(rd) Integration application with the userapplications that make up the Cost information it requires to portal).function. Prevent redundant data entry, redundant security, etc. Abilityto interface with other Simplicity The supply chain coordinatorapplications: Integration wants to use 3^(rd) parties and supply chaincoordinator Cost application service providers 3^(rd) party (ASPs) fortheir portal Remote hosts applications. The policy Platform independentenforcement manager must be capable of interfacing with a variety ofplatforms in a variety of situations. Centralized policy SimplicityDon't want redundant management Integration application accesspermission Cost management.

[1148] Reporting

[1149] Function Purpose

[1150] The portal must provide its administrators with two forms ofreporting:

[1151] Community management reports.

[1152] An event reporting capabilities that provides the administratorwith the data and tools for researching issues, problems, potentialbreaches, etc.

[1153] Functional Details

[1154] The functional details of reporting will be covered from theperspective of report type.

[1155] Community Management Reports

[1156] Community management reports provide administrators with theinformation they need to manage their users, groups, roles andhierarchies (if implemented).

[1157] Reports will likely include:

[1158] User information report showing things such as:

[1159] Basic user information (name, address, telephone number, etc.)

[1160] User span of control

[1161] Roles/privileges

[1162] Usage data (date of last logon, number of logons, total logontime, average logon time, etc.)

[1163] User lockout

[1164] Group reports showing thing such as:

[1165] The entities (e.g. retailers) that make up a group.

[1166] Role associated with a group.

[1167] Users associated with a group.

[1168] Role reports showing things such as:

[1169] Default and optional privileges associated with each role.

[1170] Groups associated with each role.

[1171] Users assigned to each role.

[1172] Users assigned to each available privilege.

[1173] Report content will be limited by the administrator's span ofcontrol.

[1174] Query and filter capabilities will be required to specify reporttype and content (e.g. a specific group, a range of users, all roles,user usage details for date range, etc.).

[1175] Event Reporting

[1176] An event is a system activity that is written to the audit log.Examples of events include connection to the portal, logon attempt,application access requests, add a new user, system errors, etc.information will accompany an events that identifies it, identifies theuser that initiated it, the date and time the event was initiated,status (success/failure), etc.

[1177] Events are recorded so that the details associated with them areavailable to research problems, security breach attempts, etc.

[1178] An alert capability is required to specify administratornotification (email, page, etc.) in the case of certain events (e.g.attempted breach, a portal application is unavailable, etc.).

[1179] Because event reports from the audit log are run in response toproblems or issues, good filtering capabilities will be required toeliminate unneeded data and provide the administrator with only theinformation they are seeking. Filters should include user(s), event, anddate and time.

[1180] The following table sets forth User Specified Features. TABLE 14CTQ Feature Category Explanation The following community Securitymanagement reports were Reporting identified: Prevention Master userlist Click and view access list User with published data authorization(i.e. users in other domains or sub-domains. Usage reports Lockoutnotification Security Online monitoring capability Security ReportingPrevention View audit log Security Reporting Prevention Parameter drivenreports Simplicity

Technology

[1181] Component and Actor definition of the supply chain coordinatorweb portal

[1182] As detailed in the previous section, the supply chaincoordinator's portal may allow access to supply chain applications. Thenature of the applications require a feature and function set; thisengagement collected CTQs and functions from the community and organizedthem along categories.

[1183] This section places a slightly different view of requirements onthe portal. There may be a public site and a private site (securedaccess); there may also be applications behind the portal provided by3^(rd) party application service providers that fall under the privatesite. There may be administration pages to setup authentication andauthorization policies. It is also a requirement that the portal supportcommunications between the supply chain coordinator and the communityand between community members.

System View Components

[1184] Some functional components that may comprise the Portal:

[1185] PVC: Public View Component

[1186] SVC: Secure View Component

[1187] AC: Administrative Component

[1188] CUC: Contact Us Component

[1189] A more detailed description of each of these components is statedin the following sections.

[1190] Public View Component

[1191] The Public View Component describes the functionality that isavailable to users of the public web pages on the supply chaincoordinator portal.

[1192] Secure View Component

[1193] The Secure View Component describes the functionality that isavailable to users once they have logged onto the private pages of thesupply chain coordinator portal. The private pages include access to theApplications and other functionality.

[1194] Administrative Component

[1195] The Administrative Component describes the functionality thatallows users to access administrative links available to CompanyAdministrators and individual Users. Additionally, the componentcontains information required for users to log on and request passwords.

[1196] Contact Us Component

[1197] The Contact Us Component describes the functionality andinformation that is available to users on both the public and privatepages of the supply chain coordinator. This information consists ofservice-related questions and other areas of concern for communitymembers.

Actor Definition

[1198] An actor is a user that plays a role with respect to the system.It is someone or something outside the application that interacts withthe supply chain coordinator portal. The defined use cases and theirdefinitions are specified below.

[1199] The systems ‘Actors’ are the different types of people involvedin the business process. Earlier, several types of users are defined foreach customer type (supply chain coordinator member, supply chaincoordinator, supplier, distributor, retail outlet manager). While thoseare separate organizations, the actors in each share qualities at thishigh level of definition. The actors for the supply chain coordinatorexchange portal are:

[1200] Company Administrator (Tier 1 Registered User; Access to publicand private pages)

[1201] Exchange User (Tier 2 Registered User; Access to public andprivate pages)

[1202] Non-Registered User (Tier 3; Access to public pages only)

[1203] Content Manager (CM, Internal GXS/RM User who has permissions tosubmit updated content; Access to public and private pages)

[1204] Internal Administrator (Internal GXS/RM User who has permissionsto run reports validate the registration status of potential customers;Access to public and private pages)

Actor Details

[1205] Company Administrator; (Tier 1 Registered User; Access to publicand private pages)

[1206] Description. A Registered User (Tier 1) is a registered communitymember who has Company Administrator responsibilities for their account.

[1207] Computer skills. Computer skill can vary, but a general knowledgeof the Web is assumed.

[1208] Business Knowledge: Knowledge of products and services related tothe supply chain coordinator suite of applications. This User may beresponsible for setting up roles/responsibilities/permissions for Tier 2Users in the account and company.

[1209] Exchange Level User; (Tier 2 Registered User; Access to publicand private pages)

[1210] Description: A Registered User (Tier 2) is a registered user whohas the second level of privileges. Tier 2 Users may use applicationsfor which they are registered, but they may not sign up for additionalapplications without approval from their Tier 1 User.

[1211] Computer Skills: Computer skill can vary, but a general knowledgeof the Web is assumed.

[1212] Business Knowledge: Knowledge of products and services related toa solutions suite of applications.

[1213] Non-Registered User; (Tier 3; Access to public pages only)

[1214] Description: A Non-Registered User (Tier 3) has access to thepublic pages of the supply chain coordinator. They may be able toregister via their company administrator, (if the company hasregistered) or they may be able to register via the automatedregistration process (an option described in the upcoming sections).Until they are registered, Tier 3 users may not have any level of accessto the private pages of the supply chain coordinator.

[1215] Computer Skills: Computer skill can vary, but a general knowledgeof the, Web is assumed.

[1216] Business Knowledge: Knowledge of products and services related tothe solutions suite of applications.

Content Manager

[1217] Description: A CM is a Content Manager who has been authorized toadd/update content to the portal, pertaining to the particular productsthey own.

[1218] Computer skills: Computer skill can vary, but a general knowledgeof the Web is assumed.

[1219] Business Knowledge: Knowledge of products and services related tothe solutions suite of applications.

Internal Administrator

[1220] Description: An Internal Administrator is a registered user whohas been authorized to access certain report generation functionality onthe private pages of the supply chain coordinator. They may be the onlyusers allowed to view certain links related to report generation(Similar to Content Managers and the Upload Content Link).

[1221] Computer skills: Computer skill can vary, but a general knowledgeof the Web is assumed.

[1222] Business Knowledge: Should be at the RailMarketplace.com, Inc. orGXS executive or marketing level, interested in site usage and feedbackfor further enhancements.

Portal Components and Requirement Index

[1223] The following section is an attempt to outline the requirementsexpressed by stakeholders/subject matter experts (SMEs) associated withthe supply chain coordinator portal. These requirements revolve aroundthe feature/function lists collected in meetings with the supply chaincommunity as addressed in the previous sections. This list should beconsidered proposed at this point and based on GE's interpretation ofthe features collected. IT may be finalized through prioritization andsolution decisions. It may be further refined by the design process thatthe organization chosen to deliver this solution must complete duringimplementation.

[1224] A listing of these component areas along with their index key isprovided below. Table 15 provides a listing of functional requirementsso that they can be easily found. TABLE 15 Included in Req. IDRequirement Name Approach Public View Component UC-PVC.01 View PublicSite UC-PVC.02 View supply chain coordinator press releases UC-PVC.03View Service Info UC-PVC.04 View Media Coverage/Latest News UC-PVC.05Request to Register UC-PVC.06 View Legal Pages (Extends from PVC.06)UC-PVC.07 View About Us UC-PVC.08 View Site Map UC-PVC.09 View FAQ'sUC-PVC.10 Submit Feedback Secure View Component UC-SVC.01 View SecureWelcome Page UC-SVC.02 Select Application UC-SVC.03 Launch ApplicationUC-SVC.04 View Application Request Form UC-SVC.05 Submit ApplicationRequest Form UC-SVC.07 View “Community Directory” UC-SVC.08 Search“Community Directory” UC-SVC.09 Community Directory- New User ListingUC-SVC.10 Submit Feedback UC-SVC.11 Submit User Survey UC-SVC.12Register for Training UC-SVC.13 Quit Private Pages UC-SVC.14 View PressReleases UC-SVC.15 View Service Info UC-SVC.16 View MediaCoverage/Latest News UC-SVC.17 View Site Map UC-SVC.18 View FAQ'sAdministrative Component UC-AC.01 Login UC-AC.02 Submit “Password”Reminder Request UC-AC.03 Re-set Password UC-AC.04 Submit“Administration” Change Request UC-AC.05 Add Content UC-AC.06 Submit“User Information” Change Request UC-AC.07 Generate User Report UC-AC.08Generate Site Activity Report UC-AC.09 Clone User UC-AC.10 Mass Deleteof Users UC-AC.11 Create and Manage Hierarchies UC-AC.12 Manages AccessRights Relative to Hierarchies UC-AC.13 Grant Privilege to Another UserUC-AC.14 View Master User List UC-AC.15 View Access List UC-AC.16 ViewUsers Who Can Access My Company's Data Contact Support ComponentUC-CUC.01 Submit Tech Support Feedback UC-CUC.02 View Tech Support MainPage UC-CUC.02 Access Email ASP UC-CUC.04 Submit Press Analyst QuestionsUC-CUC.05 View Business Development UC-CUC.06 Submit Billing QuestionsUC-CUC.07 Submit Accounts Payable Questions UC-CUC.08 Verify AccountInformation UC-CUC.09 Submit “Other” Questions

Technology Options

[1225] Now that the features have been defined and categorized, and theportal components and actors are known, technology must be selected toaddress high priority items such as integrating affiliate sites, centralpolicy management, and distributed user administration. Considerationsfor this selection may include the following IT strategy drivers:

[1226] Integrating existing and new security systems

[1227] Integrating existing applications with new Web-based applications

[1228] Providing a seamless integration between portal and affiliatesites

[1229] Delegated and single-point administration

[1230] Centralized security management

[1231] Scalability of the integrated security systems

[1232] This list of general drivers matches up well to the feature listas collected:

[1233] Distributed User Administration

[1234] Administrative Audit Trail

[1235] Access Management

[1236] Logon/Password Management

[1237] Reporting

[1238] Policy Enforcement

[1239] Data Management

[1240] Security is a major concern, as web sites may contain proprietarybusiness information such as news, data/information, and procurementsystems. Without adequate security, opportunities are presented forinappropriate dissemination of proprietary information, sabotage, andother mischievous acts.

[1241] Comprehensive Security for the supply chain community breaks downinto three areas: Web, Network, and Security. Each of the featuresextends across all three areas, as the following chart illustrates.

[1242]FIG. 75 is a schematic illustrating features 7502 and functions7504 across web 7506, network 7508 and system areas 7510. Each area isvery important to a strong security policy that may allow the supplychain coordinator to operate in a real-time integrated supply chainmode, but community management at the web layer was the main focus ofthis engagement and where most of the options and decisions need to bemade.

[1243] Technically, from the web portal view, there are two mainapproaches to meeting the CTQs of the supply chain communities. Thefirst option is for the supply chain coordinator to use its existing NTinfrastructure. The second option involves purchasing a portalmanagement solution to abstract user management from applications.

[1244] Using the existing NT infrastructure

[1245] Using the basic functionality of the portal management solutionwith minimal configuration

[1246] If option 2 is selected, there are two additional levels ofimplementation that are additive to option 2. These may be overalloptions 3 and 4:

[1247] 3. Further development within the portal management solution toadd additional features

[1248] 4. In addition to extension of the portal management solution,creating custom developed community administration features in arelational database that are matched to the portal directory structure

[1249] There is a choice to be made between approach 1 and 2. Approaches2 through 4 build on each other, with approach 4 including all thefunctionality of choices 2 and 3 as well. Within choice 2, 3, and 4,there are also sub-decisions to make about products or level ofcustomization. Table 16 illustrates chart comparing options andproduct/customization levels. TABLE 16 Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option4 Use current NT Netegrity or Security Security security SecurantManagement Management solution Security Solution Solution Software +Management Software + Custom Solution Custom Administration + SoftwareAdministration Advanced Community Structure

[1250] The technology portion of this report may provide a section oneach approach. The technical architecture for each may be detailed, aswell as decisions that can be made by the supply chain coordinatorwithin each. Each section may then compare the functionality piecesoutlined in the section entitled Fundamental Requirements to thatprovided by the approach being described. Finally, costs and level ofeffort for each approach may be included at the end of each section.

[1251] After each web portal approach is documented, sections on networkand application development recommendations may also be included.

Option 1: Using Internal NT Security

[1252] Solution Overview

[1253] The supply chain coordinator already manages Windows NT useraccounts for all the employees of the supply chain coordinator. This isto control access to internal business applications. The IT team has theability to create and delete users, assign user groups, and assignprivileges to either the individual user or the user group. AccessControl Lists manage the resources each user or user group can access,as well as the level of access such as Read, Write, or Execute. Theseare some of the same functional requirements for the integrated supplychain portal.

[1254] Moving to Internet based systems in the NT environment, mostapplications developed using Microsoft languages and methods run withMicrosoft IIS as the webserver. IIS has authentication functionalityincluded. IIS also provides a authorization features as well such asRead and Write, and since IIS runs as a service on top of Windows NT, itrelies heavily on Windows NT user accounts and the Windows NT FileSystem.

[1255] This is the approach the supply chain coordinator uses for thepilot web portal system. The supply chain coordinator has created an NTdomain for the web application to use. The supply chain coordinator issetting up user accounts in this domain, and the web application isvalidating users against Windows NT.

[1256]FIG. 76 is a schematic diagram 7600 showing a current validationof users on a web portal.

[1257] For data access in the current web portal, there is anassociation of retailers to specific supplier, distributors, or supplychain members. This resides in a supply chain SQL database 7602. Theapplication itself logs onto the database and queries the requestedinformation, using the user id 7604 as a key to make sure the properdata is retrieved for presentation back to the user.

[1258] There are ways that the supply chain coordinator could continuethis operation to manage the entire community of supply chain users.This would involve centrally administering users and physically addingthem to the NT user base. The supply chain coordinator would ownvalidating users and setting up access rights, and would need tocommunicate frequently with companies (supply chain members, suppliers.distributors) to make sure that user setup was proper.

[1259] In order to integrate 3^(rd) party provided applications, customintegration would be required in the link between the supply chainportal and the ASP application. The supply chain could work a transferof user information in the http headers of linked websites. This wouldprovide for an authentication of the user on the 3^(rd) party site.After the initial transfer, the user would interact with the 3^(rd)party application directly with zero visibility back to the portal. Each3^(rd) party application would also need to manage users themselves andmake sure that their user directories were synchronized with the supplychain coordinator. A way around this is for the third party applicationto trust that the user being passed is valid and to pass allapplication-specific data to the application at the time of the link.This provides an easier administration in this model but a much lowerlevel of security and is not recommended.

[1260] Reporting would be handled by the IIS logs. If community memberswanted to know what their employees were doing on the supply chainapplications, they would need to submit a request to the supply chaincoordinator. The supply chain coordinator would then need to manuallycheck their logs and find out what user activities occurred. If acommunity member wanted to know what activities were performed on a3^(rd) party hosted application, the supply chain coordinator would thenneed to contact the 3^(rd) party provider and have them manually searchtheir logs and provide reports back to the supply chain coordinatorwhich could then be shared with the community member.

Comparison to Requested Functions

[1261] In a previous section, the features requested by the supply chaincommunity were detailed along with the functions those features imply.The following table shows whether functions are provided by thisapproach along with an explanation. Table 17 illustrates features withinoption one. TABLE 17 Feature Y/N Explanation SECURITY Lockout user aftern Y Application can be written to unsuccessful logon attempts lockoutafter n successful tries Notify administrator of lockouts Y IIS logshould capture failed attempt. Application can capture lockout event andwrite to NT log On line monitoring Lockouts are captured in the NT log.Provide alternate passwords for lost/forgotten password situationsPassword expiration; require Y This can be configured in NT periodicpassword changes and added to application with minimal developmentAcceptable password length Y Included in NT parameters Ability toassign/select password Y The supply chain coordinator would create inIIS Ability to transfer logon N Not part of NT; a custom intelligence.integration effort is required per additional 3^(rd) party application.Record all activities to the audit N Only activities for logapplications the supply chain coordinator hosts can be captured.COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT Distributed community N The supply chaincoordinator administration must manage the community centrally Abilityto add, change and delete Y The supply chain coordinator users. wouldperform centrally Ability to assign access to users Y Access ControlLists could be setup in NT Ability to create roles or level of Y NTallows user groups. Levels users beyond that are not supported. Abilityto set up default levels of Y Read or Write access Ability to cloneand/or access Y NT can be configured to allow rights this. Mass deleteof users Ability to copy a user ID Y There are workaround to enable thisusing NT. Ability to export user load N Details would be needed andinformation from member sent to the supply chain backend. coordinatorfor a custom load User can be associated with N Here groups refers tomultiple groups. corporate organizations, and NT structure makes allusers part of the same organization within an NT domain. Hierarchies NNT security does not support complex hierarchical structures. Ability topublish rights and N No hierarchies. privileges across hierarchies.Ability to authorize multiple N No hierarchies levels of a hierarchyAbility to manage access against N No hierarchies hierarchies Flexibledata access and N NT provides very rigid security management. structuresDATA PUBLICATION User can view or access data in N Data is within adomain. another sub-group in their domain. User can view or access datain N NT has single domain. different domain. POLICY ENFORCEMENT Singlesign on N A workaround for SSO is detailed in the section above, but IISand NT are not SSO products. Ability to integrate with N Not supported.affiliates (i.e. other 3^(rd) applications that make up the portal).Ability to interface with other N Not supported applications: the supplychain coordinator 3^(rd) party Remote hosts Platform independentCentralized policy management N This refers to all policies for multipleapplications. NT security manages policies for all applications runningon in the NT domain, but not applications outside of it. REPORTING Thefollowing community The NT admin can view some of management reportswere these reports, but they would not identified: be available to thegeneral Master user list community as this requirement Click and viewaccess list specifies. User with published data authorization (i.e.users in other domains or sub-domains. Usage reports Lockoutnotification Y NT admin can see lockout notification. Online monitoringcapability N Not available through web. Available to NT admin on admindesktop. View audit log Y Admin can view Parameter driven reports N Notprovided to community users.

[1262] It is possible to custom develop additional authentication andaccess control functionality on top of NT-based applications. Code canbe written in ASP to provide this additional functionality, which wouldprovide a portion of the functionality included in the productsconsidered for option 2. For the purpose of this study, however, it isassumed that the cost of such development would greater than the cost ofoption 2, purchasing a portal management solution.

[1263] Costs and Timelines for Option 1

[1264] In terms of up front cost, this is the supply chain coordinator'slowest cost alternative. The NT administration features already exist,the supply chain coordinator has skilled NT administrators, and theequipment is already in place. An additional server may be required tohandle the number of portal requests once the applications are fullyavailable and ramped.

[1265] However, this approach fails on several fronts includingapplication integration and distributed administration. Therefore, thesupply chain coordinator would need to manage the community centrallywith this alternative. The supply chain coordinator would need manyadministrators to manage the community with this approach, so thatshould factor into the ongoing costs of this approach.

[1266] Option 2: Implementing a Portal Management Solution

[1267] Two shortfalls of using the internal NT approach are:

[1268] The supply chain coordinator would only be able to have one setof business rules apply to each user

[1269] Users would need to be managed centrally.

[1270] These shortfalls are especially critical considering the supplychain coordinator is planning to outsource many of the applicationsbehind the portal to ASP providers. In a sense, the supply chaincoordinator may become an ASP integrator. With this in mind, a componentof a solution is providing a clear method for the supply chaincoordinator to deliver ASP model services to members and tradingpartners with distributed administration.

Extracting User Management From Applications

[1271] Option 2 is based on a layer of abstraction between security andthe supply chain coordinator's applications. Doing this entailspurchasing a security management solution that offers single sign-on andthe ability to create a unified directory for users across applications.The benefit of the unified directory is the ability to enable the sameuser to belong to multiple applications (managed by different communityowners) without the need to manage the user as many separate users. Forexample, the supply chain member could belong to the supply chain boardcommunity to access board-related reports. The same user may be a userof a supply chain service application, such as order management. Inaddition, the supply chain member may be enabled to access collaborativeapplications such as email. The issue, however, is that each applicationhas its own set of privileges and roles that drive business process.

[1272] In a single-entity model, such as option 1, roles are defined andusers are assigned privileges and roles. However, the defined privilegesand roles are pervasive across all applications that are accessed bythat sign-on. Allowing the same user to have a single sign-on withdifferent roles based upon the application community they areinteracting with (even the same physical application in two differentcommunities) is not possible. This is possible if the supply chaincoordinator chooses to implement a single sign-on infrastructureincluding a unified directory environment, as the community is separatefrom the directory that defines the users. FIG. 77 graphically shows howuser roles are managed in a multi-community environment 7700.

[1273] The separation of community 7702 and directory 7704 also allowsthe administration in each community to be different even though theuser is shared. Consider the example presented earlier in this section.The supply chain coordinator's IT may control administration for boardmember reports, while the actual community member controlsadministration for the order management application. The separationallows changes to a user's profile in one community without impactingthe user's existence in another. This is especially useful when addingand removing users. The supply chain coordinator may want to remove auser from the ASP order management service but still have them exist inthe board member report application

[1274] Single Sign-on Definitions

[1275] To discuss single sign-on, central policy management, anddelegated administration, it is important to define two terms.

[1276] Authentication—First step in single sign-on. Uniquely identify auser based on company id, user id, and password.

[1277] Authorization—Occurs after authentication. The level ofapplication of data access allowed for an individual user.

[1278] Portal Management Solutions

[1279] As the integrated supply chain concept caught on, organizationshad to deal with the challenges of single sign-on and distributedadministration. These are the same issues the supply chain coordinatoris dealing with as they begin their initiatives. The first response oflarge community owners was to custom build solutions on top of their IISor Netscape server-based applications, as was suggested as possible inoption 1. But as organizations began to build custom solutions, therewere many failures or limitations on what could be accomplished. At thesame time, the market has matured as the need for SSO and distributedorganizations expanded to more organizations. Off-the-shelf singlesign-on portal management solutions came to market, and many owners oflarge communities have replaced their homegrown systems with solutionsbased on these products, which have the following features:

[1280] User entitlement management

[1281] Authentication with single sign-on

[1282] Distributed and delegated user administration (group levelresponsibility)

[1283] Affiliate Services (integrate ASPs)

[1284] Centralized privilege management (one place for all applications)

[1285] User tracking (configurable)

[1286] Ability to link attributes for personalization to single sign-on

[1287] Distributed and delegated portal administration

[1288] Integration with most directory services

[1289] Web-based Single Sign-on/Portal Management Architecture

[1290] SSO/Portal Management products are software packages that run ontheir own server. They also require a directory to operate against. Thiscan be either LDAP or database directories.

[1291] The interaction between applications and the SSO/PortalManagement server is client-server based, with the application webserverusing an agent or plug-in (client) to reference the central policyserver for user validation.

[1292]FIG. 78 illustrates a schematic 7800 showing the protection ofresources with a central policy server, a separate user directory, andthe integration of affiliate sites 7802 through the agent client 7804.

[1293] Technologies Supported by SSO Products

[1294] Within each area of the architecture, there are multiple methodssupported. Solutions can run on multiple operating platforms and withmultiple types of user directories. Solutions can be extended withmultiple development languages, support many authenticationtechnologies, and operate in conjunction with many network securityimplementations.

[1295] Policy Based Security

[1296]FIG. 79 illustrates a policy based security architecture 7900, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention. One of thefeatures of SSO/Portal Management solutions is central policyenforcement for distributed resources. Historically, policies and userswere all managed in the same data store as the application being used.In the SSO model, a layer of abstraction exists where administratorsmanage policies in one repository and users in another. Applicationsthen access the policy server 7902 (which references the policy and userrepository) through an agent. The policy server returns an allowed anddenied status.

[1297] When purchasing an off-the-shelf product, the infrastructureabove is part of the solution. The work that must be performed is setupuser and policy management, and then to actually create the users andthe policies.

[1298] Comparison to Requested Functions

[1299] In a previous section, the features requested by the supply chaincoordinator's community were detailed along with the functions thosefeatures imply. The following table shows whether functions are providedby this approach along with an explanation. Table 18 illustrates thevarious features associated with option two. TABLE 18 Feature Y/NExplanation SECURITY Lockout user after n Y Supported unsuccessful logonattempts Notify administrator of lockouts Y Supported On line monitoringProvide alternate passwords for lost/forgotten password situationsPassword expiration; require Y Supported periodic password changesAcceptable password length Y Supported parameters Ability toassign/select password Y Supported (not self-registration) Ability totransfer logon Y Agent to integrate affiliate sites. intelligence.Record all activities to the audit Y Supported log COMMUNITY MANAGEMENTDistributed community Y Basic in this option. administration Ability toadd, change and delete Y Supported users. Ability to assign access tousers Y Supported Ability to create roles or level of Y Supported usersAbility to set up default levels of Y Supported access Ability to cloneand/or access Y Supported with configuration rights Mass delete of usersAbility to copy a user ID Ability to export user load N Supported, butnot implemented information from member backend. User can be associatedwith N Groups here refers to multiple groups. organizations, whichrequired customization HIERARCHIES Ability to publish rights and N Nohierarchies privileges across hierarchies. Ability to authorize multipleN No hierarchies levels of a hierarchy Ability to manage access againstN No hierarchies hierarchies Flexible data access and N SSO out of thebox does not management. deal with application-specific access (datarequired with an application) Data Publication N Not supported User canview or access data in N Not supported another sub-domain in theirdomain. User can view or access data in N Not supported differentdomain. POLICY ENFORCEMENT Single sign on Y Supported Ability tointegrate with Y Supported affiliates (i.e. other 3^(rd) applicationsthat make up the portal). Ability to interface with other Y Supportedapplications: The supply chain coordinator 3^(rd) party Remote hostsPlatform independent Centralized policy management Y Supported REPORTINGThe following community N Admin can see some of this management reportswere data, but it is not enabled to be identified: viewed by usersthrough their Master user list own application Click and view accesslist User with published data authorization (i.e. users in other domainsor sub-domains. Usage reports Lockout notification Y Online monitoringcapability View audit log N The supply chain coordinator's admin only -not readily available to individual users Parameter driven reports N Thesupply chain coordinator's admin only - not readily available toindividual users

[1300] In comparing this chart to the one in the last section outliningoption 1, there are many more “Yes” functions. These are in the areas ofsingle sign-on, integration of affiliate sites, distributed useradministration, and central policy management. What is not supported inthis approach are hierarchies, publishing privilege rights to otherusers outside of one's group, managing application specific data in theuser profile, and advanced activity reporting made available toindividual users.

[1301] Product Options

[1302] There are several companies who provide software and servicescentered around this approach. These companies include Netegrity,Securant, enCommerce (a division of Entrust), and Oblix. For the supplychain coordinator, GE recommends that Netegrity and Securant beevaluated for the portal management software solution. This is as aresult of research conducted for GE Global Exchange Services deploymentsalready in production and implementation experience in the GeneralElectric Company.

[1303] There are several differences between the two products inarchitecture more than function. Netegrity is the market leader and hasthe most large scale implementations, including providing the basearchitecture for GE's global supplier portal and several other GXSsolutions where the requirements were similar to the supply chaincoordinator's. Securant waited longer to go to market, but by manyaccounts has a better future vision and more elegant architecture.Another significant different is that Netegrity is very focused ondevelopment around LDAP, where Securant uses database technology as thebase under their directory structures.

[1304] In order to compare the two products, data is provided below fromGiga Information Group. The following is a list of criteria used by GigaInformation Group to evaluate web-based single sign-on products:

[1305] Multiple Authentication Types—All SSO products support passwords,of course. But some may support additional authentication types, such asbiometrics, digital certificates, tokens or smart cards.

[1306] Authentication Method—The method differs from the type byrepresenting the underlying authentication architecture. How well doesthe product handle the registration, suspension, etc.

[1307] Quality of Administration—In the case of employee SSO, theemphasis is placed on easy-to-use administrative console, intuitivecommands and integration with user data repositories already inexistence (e.g., human resources databases). Web SSO products areevaluated similarly, with the added point of distributed, subordinateadministration-allowing multiple administrators to manage subsets of theuser population.

[1308] Breadth of Supported Applications—How diverse are the supportedtarget applications and platforms?

[1309] Granular Access Management—The Administrative console shouldpermit the administrator to control authorization not only to certainapplications, but also under certain conditions. Web SSO products areheavily weighed on this point.

[1310] Robust Architecture—How fault-tolerant and efficient is theunderlying architecture of the product itself? How well does it scale toloads and to geographic distances?

[1311] Use of Directory Services—To what extent does the product rely ondirectories, compounded with the ability of that directory to be usedfor other purposes simultaneously?

[1312] End User Ease of Use—For employee SSO, this refers mainly to thefamiliar desktop experience and the elimination of normal log-ininterruptions. For Web SSO users, this refers to the degree to which theuser's desktop browser is modified in any way.

[1313] Vision—Also known as product road map, which vendor projects themost visionary use for its products during the next five years?

[1314] Costs and Timelines

[1315] For option 2 the assumption is that the security managementsolution software provides single sign-on, authentication management,entitlement management, distributed administration and affiliateservices. Table 19 shows list of assumed functionality for the purposeof cost and level of effort estimation: TABLE 19 Option 2: Netegrity orSecurant Security Management Feature List Solution Software DistributedUser Option 1 plus user registration service with the Administrationfollowing directories technology: Netscape LDAP, NT Domains, NovellDirectory Services, SQL Database, Oracle Internet DirectoryAdministrative Basic User/Session/Application tracking Audit TrailAccess Web interface to administer authorization and access Managementcontrol, secure portal management Logon/Password Basic authenticationschemes, X.509, tokens, Forms, Management RADIUS, certificates and SSLReporting Basic reporting from system/software logs Policy Centralizedbasic policy-based management Enforcement Data Management Basic accessrules on data

[1316] Hardware

[1317] Once hardware is acquired, the supply chain coordinator may needto host the solution on a dedicated platform. This may require at leasttwo standard server class machines, one for production and one forpre-production/backup. The supply chain coordinator may choose to have athird box as a dedicated development and test environment or dedicatedbackup.

[1318] Product Training

[1319] For all developers who customize and build on the securityplatform, training may be required. The estimated time for training is amonth per applied resource.

[1320] Resources

[1321] The following is an estimated list of resources that may berequired to install and configure the security management solutionsoftware to provide the functionality in the table above.

[1322] 1 project manager

[1323] 1 system integrator

[1324] 1 QA

[1325] 1 security consultant

[1326] Estimated Project Length

[1327] Estimated project length is 2-3 months.

Option 3: Security Management Solution Software+Custom Administration

[1328] Option 3 addresses many of the delegated and self-administrationrequirements the supply chain community demands. While the productitself provide the ability to distribute administration features, mostof these center around assigning access privileges for applications orresources. It does not take into account distributed administration ofuser specific data (preferences and data attributes) that may berequired by the applications behind the supply chain portal. The basicproduct also does not capture and consolidate events from multipleapplications and make them available for viewing by individual users andgroup administrators.

[1329]FIG. 80 is a flowchart of a process 8030 for a secure supply chainmanagement framework. A plurality of users including suppliers,distributors, and stores of a supply chain are registered utilizing anetwork in operation 8032. The registered users are maintained on a listin operation 8034. Data from a plurality of stores of the supply chainis collected utilizing the network in operation 8036. The list isupdated to add, edit, and delete the users utilizing the network inoperation 8038. When a request (which includes an identifier) for accessto the data is received utilizing the network in operation 8040, theidentifier is compared against the list in operation 8042 and anetwork-based interface is displayed in operation 8044 for allowingaccess to the data upon the successful comparison of the identifieragainst the list.

[1330] In one aspect, the identifier includes a password. In anotheraspect, the data is encrypted. In a further aspect, the list is updatedupon receipt of a notice from at least one of the stores. In anadditional aspect, only certain data is displayed based on the userbeing one of the suppliers, distributors, and stores. In one aspect, thenetwork includes the Internet.

[1331] Setting Up a Unified Directory

[1332] Directory structure may be useful for extending the securitymanagement solution. The exact design of the directory may be the firsttask for an organization implementing the extended functionality for thesupply chain coordinator. Directory design is beyond the scope of thisengagement, but the following outlines the items to create directorystructures that support the supply chain coordinator's needs.

[1333] 1. Determine the Directory's Goals

[1334] 2. Plan the Directory Data

[1335] 3. Identify all data to go into the directory

[1336] Determined where the data may be mastered

[1337] Determine who manages the data and who exactly may be allowed toupdate data

[1338] Determine who can use the data and form

[1339] Document the results

[1340] In identifying data, the question of what should go into thedirectory should be asked. The answer is data that is read often andwritten little:

[1341] Data that can be expressed in simple object-attribute-value form

[1342] Data useful for more than one audience

[1343] Data accessed from more than one physical location

[1344] It is also important to ask what should not go into thedirectory. The answer is data that changes frequently, Large andunstructured chunks of data designed for file systems, ftp servers, webservers, or relational databases, data that requires sophisticateddatabase operations to be accessed and manipulated.

[1345] 4. Plan the Directory Schema

[1346] Identify all attributes needed to support a directory

[1347] Identify which attributes should be indexed

[1348] Identify all object classes needed to support a directory data

[1349] Determine if and how you may extend the schema

[1350] Document

[1351] The questions in planning the schema are how may the data berepresented?

[1352] What is the authoritative source of each data element

[1353] Who is the owner for each element in the schema

[1354] How is the data element updated in the directory and how often

[1355] How often is the data accessed and in what way

[1356] Would indexing the data element be productive for speeding uplookups?

[1357] 5. Plan the Directory Tree

[1358] 6. Plan the Security Policies

[1359] 7. Plan for Replication and Referrals

[1360] 8. Create the Implementation Plan

[1361] Extending the Directory to Meet Application Specific Requirements

[1362] Adding User Specific Attributes

[1363] Portal management solutions based on a directory include theability to create extended attribute columns in the schema. Extendedattributes can serve a number of uses by applications. Two commonexamples are user preferences such as language and local time. Once thedirectory structure designed by the process above is in place, thesupply chain coordinator may need an application to allow users tomanage their preferences and other data to be used by applications.

[1364]FIG. 81 shows a schematic with attribute setting through a webinterface 8100. The figure shows an attribute 8102 that can be setthrough a web interface 8100. The preferences are saved in the directoryattributed 8104 to company_id and user_id 8106 (which together form aunique user in the system). Another example of attribute data pertainingto the supply chain applications could be to store single or multipleretailers a specific user can access data for.

[1365] For each attribute category the supply chain coordinator decidesto include in the directory store, administration screens may berequired to add, modify, or delete the attribute data.

[1366] Advanced User Privileges for Extended Directory Use

[1367] Once the application functionality specified previously exists, anew community management challenge presents itself. The question of whocan access the new administrative features and what attributes they canupdate must be answered.

[1368] What makes this challenge much greater than managing privilegesin Option 2 is that with the base configuration, privilege models aremore simplistic and for the most part reserved for administrator users.Now that application-critical attribute data is being maintained byusers themselves in a more distributed model, it may be helpful to makesure that the privileges to access applications and data are distributedproperly.

[1369] At creation time, a user can get the following privileges:

[1370] Default privileges (defined by group type, user type and creatorprivileges, they are the intersection of these three sets of privileges,what is common to all of them).

[1371] Allowable privileges (creator privileges) These privileges arethose, which the creator has, but are not included in the users defaultprivileges.

[1372] Default privileges are assigned to the user at creation time (atrigger should be automatically fired), the allowable privileges may begranted if the creator choose to. The user privileges can be modifiedlater by a user with sufficient privileges. That modifier user canrevoke any privilege, (no matter if he/she has or does not have thatprivilege) and can grant only the privileges he/she has.

[1373] The administrative interface needs to be extended to allow forthe addition of allowable features. The process by which defaultprivileges may be assigned also needs to be customized in this approach.Once the more sophisticated privileges are in place, the updatepreference process is enhanced to check for proper access level. FIG. 82illustrates a flow diagram 8200 for assigning default privileges.

[1374] Once this information is stored and updated in the user profile8202, the application needs to update the current session. This requiresthat the session object be able to handle the attribute information sothat it can be passed to applications that need it later (another pieceof work).

[1375] Finally, though outside of the scope of the portal managementsolution, the applications that may use the extended attributeinformation must be programmed to correctly receive the information andput in into its application session.

[1376] Custom Privilege Templates

[1377] Another way to extend the security management solution to makeadministration easier is privilege templates. There should be privilegetemplates for each domain in the system. These focus on applications acertain type of user can access. For example, certain functions are onlyfor the supply chain ember users. If there are certain things a usertype can perform, making the administrator setup these privileges overand over again for each new user is a waste of time. Setting up atemplate for all users of that domain makes more sense. The domainprivilege templates are created and maintained (add/delete privilege) byadmin users.

[1378] Throughout the community there are many users who share a similarjob function. Some of these differ within a domain, but some also arethe same throughout the system. For example, every group may have anadministrator regardless of domain. In order to save time in user setup,a user should be able to be assigned a role type that carries a certainnumber of privileges with it. The role may be used as a template tosetup users, or the role might actually become an entity that privilegesare assigned to, and whereby a user inherits those privileges by beingattached to the role. Some roles may be setup for use across the systemby the system administrator; the domain where the role is used may boundthese. Other roles might be setup in a domain or group, depending on howmuch flexibility the supply chain coordinator decides to include in thesolution.

[1379] The final piece to what a new user can be granted deals with thefact that a user can add only privileges that he/she was granted with,however he/she can delete any privilege that the grantee templatecontains.

[1380]FIG. 83 shows a Venn diagram 8300 illustrating the intersection ofprivileges, i.e. domain 8302, group 8304, and granted 8306, for a newuser.

[1381] There should be a user interface for maintaining the tables wheredomain and role templates are stored. After a new domain or role iscreated in the system, a UI page is needed that allows the creator toattach newly created templates of privileges to the new domain or role.The creator can grant only his/her privileges.

[1382] Combined Activity Logging and Reporting

[1383] Another feature the supply chain community asked for was a singleplace to view the activities their employees perform in supply chainapplications. In option 1, this was not possible, as there was not asingle view of a user across applications. In option 2, there was singlesign-on and the infrastructure to capture some user information acrossapplications, but very little customization performed to take advantageof the infrastructure.

[1384] In option 3, two important functions are added. First,development is performed to increase the number of events that arecaptured about the user. This includes integration to the third partyASP applications to retrieve a set of user initiated events. Theseevents are either stored in the security solution logs or in the supplychain coordinator's database.

[1385] The second part of this development effort includes buildingonline visibility to the events captured for a group's administrator.This function gives the distributed community administrators thetracking capabilities they have asked for. These online views andreports should allow a group admin to see activities, both applicationaccess related and perhaps even user actions within an application(depending on what the third party ASP applications can provide). Therewas also discussion during the workout sessions that the system mightprovide visibility for users within a company, with possible viewsincluding all registered users from their company.

[1386] Comparison to Requested Functions

[1387] In a previous section, the features requested by the supply chaincommunity were detailed along with the functions those features imply.Table 20 shows whether functions are provided by this approach alongwith an explanation. TABLE 20 Feature Y/N Explanation SECURITY Lockoutuser after n Y Supported unsuccessful logon attempts Notifyadministrator of lockouts Y Supported On line monitoring Providealternate passwords for lost/forgotten password situations Passwordexpiration; require Y Supported periodic password changes Acceptablepassword length Y Supported parameters Ability to assign/select passwordY Supported (not self-registration) Ability to transfer logon Y Agent tointegrate affiliate sites. intelligence. Record all activities to theaudit Y Supported log COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT Distributed community Y Basicin this option. administration Ability to add, change and delete YSupported users. Ability to assign access to users Y Supported Abilityto create roles or level of Y Supported users Ability to set up defaultlevels of Y Supported access Ability to clone and/or access Y Supportedwith configuration rights Mass delete of users Ability to copy a user IDAbility to export user load N Supported, but not implemented informationfrom member backend. User can be associated with N Groups here refers tomultiple groups. organizations, which required customization HIERARCHIESAbility to publish rights and N No hierarchies privileges acrosshierarchies. Ability to authorize multiple N No hierarchies levels of ahierarchy Ability to manage access against N No hierarchies hierarchiesFlexible data access and Y Custom extensions to support management.application specific data needed to control data access DATA PUBLICATIONUser can view or access data in N Not Supported another sub-domain intheir domain. User can view or access data in N Not Supported differentdomain. POLICY ENFORCEMENT Single sign on Y Supported Ability tointegrate with Y Supported affiliates (i.e. other 3^(rd) applicationthat make up the portal). Ability to interface with other Y Supportedapplications: the supply chain coordinator 3^(rd) party Remote hostsPlatform independent Centralized policy management Y Supported REPORTINGThe following community Y Custom management reports were indentified:Master user list Click and view access list User with published dataauthorization (i.e. users in other domains or sub-domains. Usage reportsLockout notification Y Online monitoring capability View audit log YCustom Parameter driven reports Y Custom

[1388] From the comparison chart, this is a pretty comprehensivealternative. Still missing are the most complex community managementitems such as hierarchies and data publication across domains, but mostother items are supported by this alternative.

[1389] Costs and Timelines

[1390] For option 3, the assumption is that the security managementsolution software provides more advanced administration features,self-administration, improved session tracking and event capture,detailed reporting, and custom policy extensions. Table 21 shows a listof assumed functionality for the purpose of cost and level of effortestimation. TABLE 21 Option 3: Security Management Solution Software +Custom Feature List Administration Distributed User Option 2 plus,Custom approve/reject registration, grant/deny Administration access toapplications, grant privilege, modify user profiles, reportsAdministrative Custom User/Session/Application tracking Audit TrailAccess Management Web interface to administer authorization and accesscontrol, secure portal management and custom agents. Logon/PasswordBasic authentication schemes, X.509, tokens, Forms, RADIUS, Managementcertificates and SSL. Custom notification and online monitoringReporting Custom reporting integrated with monitoring systems PolicyEnforcement Custom extension of the policy Data Management Customextension

[1391] Software and Hardware

[1392] From a cost standpoint, Option 3 assumes that Option 2 has beenimplemented. Therefore, additional software license fees are notrequired. Additional hardware is probably not required, unless the loadon the directory requires a separate installation of the supply chaincoordinator decides to implement a reverse proxy server.

[1393] Resources

[1394] The following is an estimated list of resources that may berequired to install and configure the security management solutionsoftware, develop custom administration, and develop custom reports toprovide the functionality in the foregoing table.

[1395] 1 project manager

[1396] 1 business analysis

[1397] 1 system integrator

[1398] 2 web/database developers

[1399] 1 QA, security consultant

[1400] Estimated Project Length The estimated project length is 4-6months (Dependent on completion of option 2)

Option 4: Adding Advanced Community Structures

[1401] The supply chain coordinator has a very unique community withreal-world issues that defy standard organizational definitions. No twoorganizational structures or ownership arrangements are the same. Yetbeing able to map the real world may be useful for fully meeting thecommunity's requirements without clumsy workarounds.

[1402] The following section describes several custom additions thatcould be developed to push out community management to end-users andallow them to manage their web-based applications in a way matchingtheir real-world business organization. Also presented is a way todynamically manage the relationships between supplier, distributors, andretailers in place of a cross-reference method that requires constantupdate for application data access.

[1403] Each of the following would be custom developed application.While they would integrate heavily with the portal management solutionand directory structure in options 2 and 3, they would be stand aloneapplications that would run in their own environment.

Creation of Hierarchies for Application and Data Access Control

[1404] Hierarchies are a way of representing real-world structuresinside of an application. The purpose is to provide a more flexible wayto manage the relationships between entities and other entities,entities and users, and users and data. Hierarchies are very complex toimplement, especially in a many to many community such as the supplychain coordinator has. If implemented properly, however, they canprovide group owners a way to manage their application and data controlsthat matches the way they see their own businesses and maps how theycontrol functions in real life. This section attempts to lay out howhierarchies are implemented, maintained, and how they can be used toenhance privilege storage.

[1405] Creating and Managing Domains

[1406] The first step in creating a hierarchy is to create domains.Domains are the different types of groups that may exist in the portal,with each one requiring different business rules for privilegeassignment. An application function is needed to add a domain or removea domain as shown below.

[1407]FIG. 84 illustrates a diagram 8400 showing a system 8402, supplychain member 8404, retail manager 8406, the supply chain coordinator8408, supplier 8410, and distributor root nodes 8412.

[1408] Creating and Managing Groups (Corporate Organizations)

[1409] Once domains exist, the next step is to setup groups within adomain. An example is the supplier domain. There are many differentsupplier companies, and each of these may have their own group (tocontrol data access rights) even though they all share commonapplication access rights. To technically describe groups under the toplevel domain, the term node is used. Nodes can be single level in natureor built in n-tiered structures, with each node having a parent node. Inthe case of a top level group, the parent node is the domain itself. Anapplication function to add/modify/delete child nodes is required to addgroups as shown in the diagram below.

[1410]FIG. 85 illustrates another diagram 8500 showing groups 8504within domains 8502.

[1411] Groups exist within a domain. Therefore no matter what roles arecreated within a group, they are bounded by the privileges granted to adomain.

[1412] Adding Users to a sub-group (node) versus to companies

[1413] In a directory based security model (LDAP or NT). users typicallybelong to companies (groups). In the move to n-tiered hierarchies, thereis also a move from the directory used by the SSO product to arelational database. This is because referential integrity is requiredto take full advantage of and properly manage hierarchies. By onlyallowing top level groups (not allowing an n-tired hierarchy) thehierarchies are easily synched to the companies in the directory. If thesupply chain coordinator chooses to enable sub-groups, however, usersbelong to nodes and not companies, and the path to the top node of eachhierarchy instance identifies the corresponding company in LDAP. Ann-tier hierarchy is shown below.

[1414]FIG. 86 shows still another diagram 8600 showing hierarchies 8602,in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[1415] If n-tiered hierarchies are enabled, the management feature mustalso allow for nodes to be moved from one parent to another, as well asthe ability to take a node and all nodes attached below it and move themtogether. FIG. 87 shows a process 8700 for hierarchy management, inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

[1416]FIG. 87 shows that this is an involved process requiring properdesign, custom implementation, and testing.

[1417] Hierarchy Linkages for Data Access Control

[1418] In the initial stages, all information distributed by the supplychain coordinator to suppliers and distributors may be packaged by thesupply chain coordinator. For example, in the pilot, the supply chaincoordinator maintains a list of stores served by a specific distributor.When a report runs, it runs for all retailers associated in thecross-reference table to that distributor. To make sure information iscorrect, those cross-reference tables must be up to date. This approachalso means that the supply chain coordinator is in control of what datacan be viewed by a distributor, and there are very few controls over whowithin a distributor organization can view retailer information. Thesupply chain member has very little control over their data in thisscenario, and the supply chain coordinator has a very high managementoverhead in this data exchange.

[1419] To perform more complex data access control, the supply chaincoordinator may choose to implement linkages between organizationalhierarchies. As described below, hierarchies can be added to each domain(The supply chain coordinator, supplier, distributor, supply chainmember, retail manager) to add application access flexibility. For datapurposes, there can be links between nodes of one hierarchy and another.The most common usage of this would be a distribution center to a store.

[1420] Example: Looking at a large supply chain member and a distributorthat serves them. A generic structure is shown in Table 22. TABLE 22supply chain member Distributor   Corporate Group   Operating Group   Division    Region     State     Distribution Center      City/Area     Retailers      Retailer

[1421]FIG. 88 depicts a hierarchy 8800 in the supply chain portalmanagement, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.In the supply chain members hierarchy, all retailers 8802 are attachedto a level of node representing metropolitan areas 8804. From thediagram before, each retailer of a supply chain member is associatedwith one (and only one) distribution center of a distributor. Thisallows a supply chain member to allow access for a distributor to accessinformation for all retailers that they serve. But rather than assigningaccess for each retailer on its own (maintaining a cross-reference), thecan leave the access control to the linkages created. This assumes thatthe linkages are maintained properly, but the advantage is thatdistributor access could be restricted to a level below the top levelnode without the need to update the access privilege every time aretailer status changed. The next section describes how this istechnically implemented.

[1422] Hierarchy linkages for Data Publication

[1423] Each point in a hierarchy is a “node”. Each node has a number orvalue assigned to it. This NODE_ID is numeric, unique system-wide andwould enable the supply chain coordinator hierarchy system to clearlyand unambiguous define in the application any location in the supplychain member, supplier, distributor, or retail outlet manager hierarchy.

[1424]FIG. 89 illustrates the retail manager 8900 as part of the supplychain coordinator hierarchy 8902, in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. The node ids or attributes become important inprivilege setup. For example, initially a user named “Joe” might be partof the group “Restaurants.” In a normal association, Joe would be ableto see all data that belongs to his group. The access to data could berestricted in option 2 or 3, but that would have to be handled by theapplications or through extended attributes with the actual storenumbers in the portal management solution. There was not a concept ofinherited data access or restricted data access through the use ofnodes.

[1425] Now, assume that Joe is really a field auditor in the westrestaurant manager division. As the restaurant manager admin, you wantto setup Joe so that he can only access data for the West region, andcannot see the other divisions data. In the database portion of thesecurity management system, the company id (restaurant manager) in thecompany id is replaced with a group id. Because the group id is asub-group of the top level restaurant manager node, it can be associatedback to the company_id that is stored in the directory.

[1426] Because Joe now belongs to group 503 and not group 500, he canonly see data for restaurants from his node in the hierarchy anddownwards. Note Table 23. TABLE 23 Group Grantor Restricted Id User IdUser Type Priv. Id Id Node Id 503 Joe the supply View Order 500 chainmember Data

[1427] Another case might be that while Joe works in the West Region, heactually only audits restaurants in the Tempe Metropolitan area. Thecolumns can be added to the privilege to include other information suchas a node that further restricts data access. With the privilege below,Joe can now only view order data for restaurants below node 506, eventhough there are more restaurants under the scope of node 503. NoteTable 24. TABLE 24 Group Grantor Restricted Id User Id User Type Priv.Id Id Node Id 503 Joe supply View Order 500 506 chain member Data

[1428] The concept of extending columns in the privilege store becomesvery important when on organization has a requirement to grant access toapplications and data to users in another group or another domain.

Granting Privileges Across Groups

[1429] Introduction

[1430] The requirement to grant access from one group to a user inanother group comes from the complex ownership arrangements that thesupply chain members have.

[1431] The supply chain members are the owners of the data (retailerinformation). They can publish (grant) their privileges to users inother organizations. The design for this is that supply chain memberspublish data in their hierarchy by:

[1432] Granting access to retailers that belongs to their group or togroups downward in their (supply chain member) hierarchy.

[1433] Granting access to specific retailers (many retailer ids).

[1434] Granting access to retailers within a state or a zip code.

[1435] Example:

[1436] The grantor that belongs to 345-supply chain member nodepublishes the privilege to view order data to user Joe belonging to 123supply chain member node. What Joe can see, so far, are the retailersthe granter can see in his hierarchy, “R1”, “R2”, “R3” and “R4”.

[1437] The grantor can narrow down the publishing by specifying a nodein his hierarchy, let us say node 456. At this point, the user can seedata for “R1”, “R3” and “R4”.

[1438] A “state” or “zip code” can narrow more the publishing.

[1439]FIG. 90 is a schematic showing the process 9000 by whichcross-domain access rights are granted.

[1440] Table 25 shows an example of how the privilege would be writtento the central policy management. TABLE 25 Re- Res- Group User UserPriv. Grantor stricted taurant Attributes Id Id Type Id Id Node Id Id(s)(state/zip) 123 Joe supply View 345 456 chain Order member Data

[1441] Just the node numbers are stored in the directory. When the useris authenticated and accessing applications that need a store list inorder to properly enforce data access rules, the custom applicationwritten in this alternative must access the hierarchies in the database.From the database, the application translates the intersection of thenode ids into a list of valid stores that the user may perform thegranted functions. This retailer list is then returned as part of theheader strong to the resource requested.

[1442] You could even make this more granular by adding attributes forstate or zip code associated with the nodes (especially the lowest node,which is a retailer).

[1443] Publication Functionality

[1444] The following is a list of publication functionality from asupply chain member point of view.

[1445] Publish any privilege a user has (and my data span of control) tousers that need to perform actions for my retailers.

[1446] Publish all my privileges a user have (and my data span ofcontrol) to users that need to perform actions for my retailers (mainlyfor equal partners).

[1447] Revoke user publication.

[1448]FIG. 91 is a diagram 9100 that shows a process flow for anadministrative function. A publication can not be modified, it has to bedeleted and then publish again. As with other custom developed communitymanagement functionality, a management interface to for grantingprivileges is required.

[1449] Publication Business Rules

[1450] A supply chain member can grant access to retailers that belongto their group or to groups downward their hierarchy. A user can seeonly items at retailer level if he/she got “privilege” published “tohim/her. The supply chain member nodes and retailer ids should not bemutually exclusive, as a node can be specified but a retailer may alsobe specified.

[1451] Retailer ids and attributes should be mutual exclusive, eitherone can be specified, but not both. This is because attributes arerestrictive, so by default any store specified must also have thatattribute as part of it.

[1452] Only the grantor can revoke data publication.

[1453] The supply chain member does not publish data to users thatbelong to supplier or distributor hierarchy.

[1454] Suppliers or distributors can see data based on the retailerslinked to their hierarchy without the supply chain member specificallypublishing data (assuming the application permission has been granted tothe supplier/distributor domain by the supply chain coordinator). Thereis no need for a supplier/distributor to see anothersupplier/distributor hierarchy data.

[1455] The supply chain member can publish data to the supply chainmember users.

[1456] The supply chain members publish data to another supply chainmember user only if the user is not in the same hierarchy with thegrantor or if the user is in another branch of the hierarchy than thegrantor.

Historical Requirements for Retailer Linkage

[1457] A very complex customization of the directory attributes would beto bound all privileges by start and end dates. The reason behind thisoptional function is that retailers often change hands. It was expressedin the workout sessions that members may need to view historical datafor a specific retailer (from both the supplier/distributor side as wellas the supply chain member side) even if they not currently own or servethat retailer. There are also legal requirements that may require thisability. Table 26 illustrates an example of this privilege. TABLE 26Group Grantor Restricted Retailer Attributes Id User Id User Type Priv.Id Id Node Id Id(s) (state/zip) Start Date End Date 123 Joe Supply View345 456 Jan. 1, 2000 Jan. 1, 2001 chain member Order Data

[1458] As the number of attributes that need to be used by theapplication or translated into other information such as retailernumbers increases, so does application load. There are significantimpacts on application performance and ease of use, as well asmaintainability of both the portal management solution and theapplications.

[1459] Auto associate store information

[1460]FIG. 92 is a flowchart of a process 9230 for updating informationin a supply chain management framework. A plurality of stores of asupply chain are registered utilizing a network in operation 9232. Theregistration includes receiving first identification information. Datais collected from a plurality of stores of the supply chain utilizingthe network in operation 9234. This data relates to the sale of goods bythe stores and includes second identification information more recentthan the first identification information. Access to the data is allowedutilizing a network-based interface in operation 9236 so that inoperation 9238 the first identification information can be compared withthe second identification information in order to allow for the updatingof the registration of the stores based on the comparison in operation9240.

[1461] In an aspect, the updating includes updating the firstidentification information to include the second identificationinformation. In another aspect, the updating includes updating adistributor assigned to the stores based on the comparison. In furtheraspect, the first information includes a store identification number. Inone aspect, the registration is further updated based on the data. In anadditional aspect, the network includes the Internet.

[1462] The supply chain coordinator receives a load of updated retailerinformation from the retailer manager. This information is currentlybatch loaded into the SQL database and updates are made to tablesmatching retailers to suppliers, distributors, and supply chain members.

[1463] A desire is for the supply chain coordinator to automate thismaintenance in the portal management solution as well. This is straightforward if the supply chain coordinator continues to use straightcross-reference between retailers and suppliers/distributors as the sametables may probably be accessed by the applications to determine dataaccess in the application. But if hierarchies are used, there may needto be a custom application written to apply the following businessrules.

[1464] When a new retail outlet is added, the application should checkto see if that retailer already exists. If it does not, a new retailerentity should be auto-added to the proper group/the supply chain membernode.

[1465] Each time new retailer information in the address field arrivesthe application may compare the new information to the retailer addressinformation to see if data has changed. If yes, the retailer informationis updated.

[1466] If the retailer is moved from a group node (deleted orreassigned) and it is the last retailer attached to a group node, thegroup node and corresponding supply chain member should beauto-deactivated.

[1467] Each time new retailer information arrives, the retailer'sgroup/supply chain member information should be compared with thegroup/supply chain member # the retailer is already associated to. If itis different, the retailer should be reassigned (re-linked) to theappropriate group/supply chain member node. The Auto-add/deleteprocesses may run as appropriate.

[1468] One issue may be how to auto-associate a retailer to the properplace in a node. In the design phase, available data elements should beexamined to see if it is possible. If not, then there should be an“unattached” node not visible to applications outside of the hierarchymanagement. When the supply chain coordinator adds a retailer to asupply chain member, that member could assign it to the proper hierarchypoint through the distributed administration.

[1469] A second issue may be where to associate the new retailer to thedistributor or supplier node. There may the ability to pull attributesfrom the information the supply chain coordinator puts in their database(distribution center number or supplier ship from location). If anattempt is made to auto-associate the new retailer to other domainsbeyond the supply chain member's, a check process may be required tomake sure the auto-association is correct, otherwise unauthorized dataaccess could occur.

Comparison to Requested Functions

[1470] In a previous section, the features requested by the supply chaincoordinator's community were detailed along with the functions thosefeatures imply. Table 27 shows whether functions are provided by thisapproach along with an explanation. TABLE 27 Feature Y/N ExplanationSECURITY Lockout user after n unsuccessful Y Supported logon attemptsNotify administrator of lockouts Y Supported On line monitoring Providealternate passwords for lost/forgotten password situations Passwordexpiration; require Y Supported periodic password changes Acceptablepassword length Y Supported parameters Ability to assign/select passwordY Supported (not self-registration) Ability to transfer logon Y Agent tointegrate affiliate sites. intelligence. Record all activities to theaudit Y Supported log COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT Distributed community Y Basicin this option. administration Ability to add, change and delete YSupported users. Ability to assign access to users Y Supported Abilityto create roles or level of Y Supported users Ability to set up defaultlevels of access Y Supported Ability to clone and/or access Y Supportedwith configuration rights Mass delete of users Ability to copy a user IDAbility to export user load Y Custom information from member backend.User can be associated with N But goal is accomplished with publishmultiple groups. privilege feature HIERARCHIES Ability to publish rightsand Y Custom hierarchies privileges across hierarchies. Ability toauthorize multiple Y Custom hierarchies levels of a hierarchy Ability tomanage access against Y Custom hierarchies hierarchies Flexible dataaccess and Y Custom extensions to support management. applicationspecific data needed to control data access DATA PUBLICATION User canview or access data in Y Custom another group in their domain. User canview or access data in Y Publication supports this, though onlydifferent domain. real case is the supply chain coordinator boardmember, and the supply chain coordinator may handle by system adminhaving a custom feature to assign access privilege to users instead ofpublishing privilege across domains POLICY ENFORCEMENT Single sign on YSupported Ability to integrate with affiliates Y Supported (i.e. other3^(rd) applications that make up the portal). Ability to interface withother Y Supported applications: the supply chain coordinator 3^(rd)party Remote hosts Platform independent Centralized policy management YSupported REPORTING The following community Y Custom management reportswere identified: Master user list Click and view access list User withpublished data authorization (i.e. users in other domains orsub-domains. Usage reports Lockout notification Y Online monitoringcapability View audit log Y Custom Parameter driven reports Y Custom

[1471] Option 4 is the comprehensive community management solution. Itrequires a lot of customization, a lot of which occurs outside of theSSO/Portal Management solution. It does, however, meet all the functionsspecified by the supply chain community CTQs.

Cost and Timelines

[1472] For option 4, the assumption is that the security managementsolution software provides hierarchies, hierarchy management, and othercustomizations detailed in this section. Table 28 is a list of assumedfunctionality for the purpose of cost and level of effort estimation:TABLE 28 Option 4: Security Management Solution Software + CustomFeature List Administration with Advanced Community StructureDistributed User Option 3 plus Custom hierarchical community structureat Administration group/role/user level, structure to structurerelationship, grant privilege across group, advanced administrationfeatures Administrative Custom User/Session/Application tracking AuditTrail Access Management Web interface to administer authorization andaccess control, secure portal management and custom agents.Logon/Password Basic authentication schemes, X.509, tokens, Forms,RADIUS, Management certificates and SSL. Custom notification and onlinemonitoring Reporting Custom advanced reporting integrated withmonitoring systems Policy Enforcement Custom extension of the policyData Management Custom extension

[1473] Software and Hardware

[1474] From a cost standpoint, Option 4 assumes that both option 2 and 3are already implemented. Therefore, additional software license fees arenot required for security management software. Additional hardware isprobably required to support the heavy application and databaserequirements for hierarchies and their use.

[1475] The following is an estimated list of resources that may berequired to install and configure the security management solutionsoftware, develop the custom community management applications, andprogram custom data structures to provide the functionality in the tableabove.

[1476] 1project manager

[1477] 1 business analysis

[1478] 1 system integrator

[1479] 2 or 3 web/database developers

[1480] 1 QA

[1481] 1 security consultant

[1482] Estimated Project Length The estimated project length is 6-8months (assumes completion of options 2 and 3)

[1483] Network Considerations

[1484] The supply chain coordinator can host the web portal itself,co-locate the portal servers at an ISP offering co-location services, orcompletely outsource the portal management solution (network andservers) to a managed service provider

[1485] Hosting a Secure Portal

[1486] From a network view, the following details best practice forconfiguration of network servers for the portal.

[1487] One major issue may be managing a mission-critical networkenvironment where users can execute transactions. The choice of ASPproviders must also be a consideration.

[1488] Managed Services

[1489] A third option is to outsource all port, router, network andplatform management. This is called managed services. There is adifference between managing up to the platform (OS) and the actualportal management solution.

[1490] The options for managed services to the platform level are thesame players. Again, Level 3 is the only large national player in theMiami market. They do not offer managed services on their own, but havea partner program to provide these services. The actual partner for thesouthern region would need to be confirmed, but it is probably the samecompany that provides this service in the mid-Atlantic region, namedAiNET. A company like AiNET would not have knowledge of the portalmanagement solution itself, but would manage everything else from asecurity view including attacks against the network and the machines.

[1491] The next level of managed service includes actually operating andconfiguring the portal management solution. Companies in this class haveresources already trained in the portal management solution and can takeownership of delivering the software and operating it for a community.Each provider has a number of partners in this area; GE Global ExchangeServices is one of these companies. GXS provides managed Netegritysolutions along with others. Securant has many system integratorpartners, though it is hard to tell who specializes in hosting andoperating their solutions.

[1492] Application Security

[1493] Many of the applications that may sit behind the portal may bedeveloped and operated by other organizations. The following detailssome recommendations for applications built on the NT platform usingMicrosoft framework and for evaluating ASP provided applications'security.

[1494] Recommended Policies

[1495] Objects must be cleared before they are reused

[1496] Errors during clearing must be handled in a way that ensuresobjects are not reused without clearing

[1497] Browser caching directives must be used for sensitive pages

[1498] Use of temporary files must be threadsafe

[1499] Temporary files must be removed when no longer required

[1500] Approaches

[1501] Clear after use

[1502] Clear before use

[1503] Use finally to ensure that objects are cleared

[1504] Vulnerabilities

[1505] Database connection is reused, revealing another user's data

[1506] Object pool includes one user's page with another's user page

[1507] Caching algorithm inappropriately matches a request a with aresponse containing another user's data

[1508] Code Quality

[1509] Recommended Policies

[1510] All code must conform to a consistent style guideline

[1511] All code must be documented

[1512] Intentionally complex code must be justified

[1513] “Easter eggs” shall not be included in the code

[1514] Approaches

[1515] Use style guideline from www.microsoft.com

[1516] Use tools to enforce style guidelines

[1517] Use design reviews to catch problems early

[1518] Use peer reviews to prevent hidden problems

[1519] Vulnerabilities

[1520] The more flaws the more likely one is to be exploitable by anattacker

[1521] Poor code quality can rise to the level of a security problem

[1522] Concurrent Programming

[1523] Recommended Policies

[1524] No thread of execution within the application should be able tosubstantially affect any other thread

[1525] Approaches

[1526] Synchronize access to all shared resources, including files andthe session

[1527] Eliminate all class and instance variables, unless final

[1528] Single Thread Model is not recommended for performance reasons

[1529] Vulnerabilities

[1530] Information in shared resources can be inadvertently

[1531] Debugging is difficult as these problems can be difficult toreproduce

[1532] Database Access

[1533] Recommended Policies

[1534] Parameters used in database queries must not be able to modifythe intended query

[1535] Results from queries must match the expected results

[1536] Reliance on database permissions must be minimized and explicitlyidentified in the implementation

[1537] The username and password used to access the database must havethe minimum amount of privilege required by the application

[1538] Approaches

[1539] Single encapsulated library for accessing databases

[1540] Prepared statements should be used instead of ordinary statements

[1541] Vulnerabilities

[1542] Queries can be modified to reveal data or corrupt database

[1543] Debugging and Testing

[1544] Recommended Policies

[1545] Code that is not used must be eliminated

[1546] System.output.println() must not be used

[1547] Approaches

[1548] Use an assertions framework

[1549] Keep testing code separate from production

[1550] Vulnerabilities

[1551] High likelihood that this code may inadvertently get enabled

[1552] Security Organization and Metrics

[1553] Security Roles

[1554] Chief Security Officer

Develop Policy, Awareness and Training

[1555] Define and Continuously Revise Corporate Policy and Standards

[1556] Lead Company Wide Awareness and Training Program

Continuous Security Risk Assessing and Monitoring

[1557] Enhance Assessment Tools

[1558] Develop Security Dashboards and Scorecards

[1559] Facilitate Session i

Champion New Security Initiatives

[1560] Resource Planning and Budgeting

Drive Business Specific Security Strategic Planning

[1561] Align Security Strategy with Business Objectives (e-commerce)

[1562] Resource Planning and Budgeting

Owner of Security Measurements

[1563] Session i, Security Self-Assessment, Corporate and BusinessSpecific Security Measurements

Champion Policy Adoption and Training

[1564] Take Security to the Masses

[1565] Security Manager

Lead and Own New Security Initiatives

[1566] Select and Package Latest Technology for New Security Initiatives

[1567] Coordinate with Businesses to Rollout Initiatives

Deliver Company-Wide Architecture and Processes

[1568] Define Technical Security Infrastructure (Single Sign-On,

[1569] Intrusion Detection, Digital Certificates, VPN, etc)

Provide Technical Consulting to Businesses

[1570] Assist Business to Resolve Business Specific Security Issues

[1571] Security Administrator(s)

[1572] Multiple people (Finance, IT, or distributed)

Project Execution of Technology and Process

[1573] Responsible for Implementation in Business Site

Administration and Operation of Daily IT Security Activities

[1574] Perform IT Security Tasks, Monitor Outsourcing Vendors andCoordinate with 3rd Parties

[1575] Security Review Structure

[1576] The new technological infrastructure and its associatedelectronic reporting and feedback systems equips retailer managementwith accurate, timely, and previously unavailable information from theSupply Chain on sales, marketing and other performance indicators allowSupply Chain management to fully engage in managing supply anddistribution processes and channels toward identified and agreedstrategic objectives provide franchisees and retailers with the SupplyChain information they need to operate efficiently and make effectivemanagement decisions minimally impacts the resources of Supply Chainmanagement.

[1577] With Supply Chain management assuming full responsibility formanaging the fundamentals of the Supply Chain system, Supply Chainparticipants are strategically positioned to focus on the six businesspriorities that have been identified: operational excellence, boostingsales growth, focusing resources, discovering the essence of the Brand,image transformation and revitalizing franchisee relations.

Supply Chain Management

[1578]FIG. 93 is a flowchart of a process 9330 for managing a health andpersonal care products supply chain utilizing a network. Such health andpersonal care products include pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, opticals,health carpe products, etc. A network is utilized in operation 9332 toreceive data from a plurality of health and personal care productsoutlets of a health and personal care products supply chain in which thedata relates to the sale of health and personal care products by thehealth and personal care products outlets. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 9334 based on the data for ordering health andpersonal care products from a health and personal care productsdistributor of the health and personal care products supply chain. Thedata is transmitted via the network to the health and personal careproducts distributor of the health and personal care products supplychain in operation 9336. The data is also transmitted to a health andpersonal care products supplier of the health and personal care productssupply chain utilizing the network in operation 9338. Additionally,activity in the health and personal care products supply chain isforecast utilizing the data in operation 9340.

[1579] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of health and personal care products distributors and healthand personal care products suppliers. As a further aspect, the data maybe made accessible to the health and personal care products outlets, thehealth and personal care products distributor, the health and personalcare products supplier via a network-based interface. As an additionalaspect, the data may be accessible to the health and personal careproducts distributor and the health and personal care products supplieronly after verification of an identity thereof. In another aspect, thenetwork may include the Internet. In a further aspect, the health andpersonal care products outlets, the health and personal care productsdistributor, and the health and personal care products supplier each mayforecast utilizing the data.

[1580]FIG. 94 is a flowchart of a process 9430 for managing anelectronics and appliances supply chain utilizing a network. A networkis utilized in operation 9432 to receive data from a plurality ofcomputer product outlets of a electronics and appliances supply chain inwhich the data relates to the sale of computer product by the computerproduct outlets. An electronic order form is generated in operation 9434based on the data for ordering computer product from a computer productdistributor of the electronics and appliances supply chain. The data istransmitted via the network to the computer product distributor of theelectronics and appliances supply chain in operation 9436. The data isalso transmitted to a computer product supplier of the electronics andappliances supply chain utilizing the network in operation 9438.Additionally, activity in the electronics and appliances supply chain isforecast utilizing the data in operation 9440.

[1581] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of electronics and appliances distributors and electronics andappliances suppliers. In another aspect, the data may be made accessibleto the electronics and appliances outlets, the electronics andappliances distributor, the electronics and appliances supplier via anetwork-based interface. In an additional aspect, the data may beaccessible to the electronics and appliances distributor and theelectronics and appliances supplier only after verification of anidentity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the electronics and appliances outlets,the electronics and appliances distributor, and the electronics andappliances supplier each may forecast utilizing the data.

[1582]FIG. 95 is a flowchart of a process 9530 for managing atransportation equipment supply chain utilizing a network.Transportation equipment can include such things as vehicles,automobiles, motor vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and the accompanyingparts and supplies for each of these, such as engine parts, maintenancesupplies (filters, belts, hoses, etc.), washing supplies, etc. A networkis utilized in operation 9532 to receive data from a plurality oftransportation equipment outlets of a transportation equipment supplychain in which the data relates to the sale of transportation equipmentby the transportation equipment outlets. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 9534 based on the data for orderingtransportation equipment from a transportation equipment distributor ofthe transportation equipment supply chain. The data is transmitted viathe network to the transportation equipment distributor of thetransportation equipment supply chain in operation 9536. The data isalso transmitted to a transportation equipment supplier of thetransportation equipment supply chain utilizing the network in operation9538. Additionally, activity in the transportation equipment supplychain is forecast utilizing the data in operation 9540.

[1583] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of transportation equipment distributors and transportationequipment suppliers. In another aspect, the data may be made accessibleto the transportation equipment outlets, the transportation equipmentdistributor, the transportation equipment supplier via a network-basedinterface. In an additional aspect, the data may be accessible to thetransportation equipment distributor and the transportation equipmentsupplier only after verification of an identity thereof. In anotheraspect, the network may include the Internet. In a further aspect, thetransportation equipment outlets, the transportation equipmentdistributor, and the transportation equipment supplier each may forecastutilizing the data.

[1584]FIG. 96 is a flowchart of a process 9630 for managing a homeproducts supply chain utilizing a network. Home products can include,for example, building materials, garden equipment and supplies, homefurnishings and coverings, furniture, etc. A network is utilized inoperation 9632 to receive data from a plurality of home products outletsof a home products supply chain in which the data relates to the sale ofhome products by the home products outlets. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 9634 based on the data for ordering home productsfrom a home products distributor of the home products supply chain. Thedata is transmitted via the network to the home products distributor ofthe home products supply chain in operation 9636. The data is alsotransmitted to a home products supplier of the home products supplychain utilizing the network in operation 9638. Additionally, activity inthe home products supply chain is forecast utilizing the data inoperation 9640.

[1585] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of home products distributors and home products suppliers. Asa further aspect, the data may be made accessible to the home productsoutlets, the home products distributor, the home products supplier via anetwork-based interface. As an additional aspect, the data may beaccessible to the home products distributor and the home productssupplier only after verification of an identity thereof. In anotheraspect, the network may include the Internet. In a further aspect, thehome products outlets, the home products distributor, and the homeproducts supplier each may forecast utilizing the data.

[1586]FIG. 97 is a flowchart of a process 9730 for managing a food andbeverage supply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilized inoperation 9732 to receive data from a plurality of food and beverageoutlets of a food and beverage supply chain in which the data relates tothe sale of food and beverage by the food and beverage outlets. Anelectronic order form is generated in operation 9734 based on the datafor ordering food and beverage from a food and beverage distributor ofthe food and beverage supply chain. The data is transmitted via thenetwork to the food and beverage distributor of the food and beveragesupply chain in operation 9736. The data is also transmitted to a foodand beverage supplier of the food and beverage supply chain utilizingthe network in operation 9738. Additionally, activity in the food andbeverage supply chain is forecast utilizing the data in operation 9740.

[1587] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of food and beverage distributors and food and beveragesuppliers. In another aspect, the data may be made accessible to thefood and beverage outlets, the food and beverage distributor, the foodand beverage supplier via a network-based interface. In an additionalaspect, the data may be accessible to the food and beverage distributorand the food and beverage supplier only after verification of anidentity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the food and beverage outlets, the foodand beverage distributor, and the food and beverage supplier each mayforecast utilizing the data.

[1588]FIG. 98 is a flowchart of a process 9830 for managing a machinerysupply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilized in operation9832 to receive data from a plurality of machinery outlets of amachinery supply chain in which the data relates to the sale ofmachinery by the machinery outlets. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 9834 based on the data for ordering machineryfrom a machinery distributor of the machinery supply chain. The data istransmitted via the network to the machinery distributor of themachinery supply chain in operation 9836. The data is also transmittedto a machinery supplier of the machinery supply chain utilizing thenetwork in operation 9838. Additionally, activity in the machinerysupply chain is forecast utilizing the data in operation 9840.

[1589] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of machinery distributors and machinery suppliers. In anotheraspect, the data may be made accessible to the machinery outlets, themachinery distributor, the machinery supplier via a network-basedinterface. In an additional aspect, the data may be accessible to themachinery distributor and the machinery supplier only after verificationof an identity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the machinery outlets, the machinerydistributor, and the machinery supplier each may forecast utilizing thedata.

[1590]FIG. 99 is a flowchart of a process 9930 for managing a sportinggoods supply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilized inoperation 9932 to receive data from a plurality of sporting goodsoutlets of a sporting goods supply chain in which the data relates tothe sale of sporting goods by the sporting goods outlets. An electronicorder form is generated in operation 9934 based on the data for orderingsporting goods from a sporting goods distributor of the sporting goodssupply chain. The data is transmitted via the network to the sportinggoods distributor of the sporting goods supply chain in operation 9936.The data is also transmitted to a sporting goods supplier of thesporting goods supply chain utilizing the network in operation 9938.Additionally, activity in the sporting goods supply chain is forecastutilizing the data in operation 9940.

[1591] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of sporting goods distributors and sporting goods suppliers.In another aspect, the data may be made accessible to the sporting goodsoutlets, the sporting goods distributor, the sporting goods supplier viaa network-based interface. In an additional aspect, the data may beaccessible to the sporting goods distributor and the sporting goodssupplier only after verification of an identity thereof. In anotheraspect, the network may include the Internet. In a further aspect, thesporting goods outlets, the sporting goods distributor, and the sportinggoods supplier each may forecast utilizing the data.

[1592]FIG. 100 is a flowchart of a process 10030 for managing a chemicalsupply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilized in operation10032 to receive data from a plurality of chemical outlets of a chemicalsupply chain in which the data relates to the sale of chemical by thechemical outlets. An electronic order form is generated in operation10034 based on the data for ordering chemical from a chemicaldistributor of the chemical supply chain. The data is transmitted viathe network to the chemical distributor of the chemical supply chain inoperation 10036. The data is also transmitted to a chemical supplier ofthe chemical supply chain utilizing the network in operation 10038.Additionally, activity in the chemical supply chain is forecastutilizing the data in operation 10040.

[1593] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of chemical distributors and chemical suppliers. As a furtheraspect, the data may be made accessible to the chemical outlets, thechemical distributor, the chemical supplier via a network-basedinterface. As an additional aspect, the data may be accessible to thechemical distributor and the chemical supplier only after verificationof an identity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the chemical outlets, the chemicaldistributor, and the chemical supplier each may forecast utilizing thedata.

[1594]FIG. 101 is a flowchart of a process 10130 for managing adepartment store supply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilizedin operation 10132 to receive data from a plurality of department storeoutlets of a department store supply chain in which the data relates tothe sale of department store by the department store outlets. Anelectronic order form is generated in operation 10134 based on the datafor ordering department store from a department store distributor of thedepartment store supply chain. The data is transmitted via the networkto the department store distributor of the department store supply chainin operation 10136. The data is also transmitted to a department storesupplier of the department store supply chain utilizing the network inoperation 10138. Additionally, activity in the department store supplychain is forecast utilizing the data in operation 10140.

[1595] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of department store distributors and department storesuppliers. As a further aspect, the data may be made accessible to thedepartment store outlets, the department store distributor, thedepartment store supplier via a network-based interface. As anadditional aspect, the data may be accessible to the department storedistributor and the department store supplier only after verification ofan identity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the department store outlets, thedepartment store distributor, and the department store supplier each mayforecast utilizing the data.

[1596]FIG. 102A is a flowchart of a process 10230 for managing an officeproduct supply chain utilizing a network. Note that office products caninclude, for example, furniture as well as items typically referred toas office supplies. A network is utilized in operation 10232 to receivedata from a plurality of office product outlets of an office productsupply chain in which the data relates to the sale of office product bythe office product outlets. An electronic order form is generated inoperation 10234 based on the data for ordering office product from anoffice product distributor of the office product supply chain. The datais transmitted via the network to the office product distributor of theoffice product supply chain in operation 10236. The data is alsotransmitted to an office product supplier of the office product supplychain utilizing the network in operation 10238. Additionally, activityin the office product supply chain is forecast utilizing the data inoperation 10240.

[1597] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of office product distributors and office product suppliers.As a further aspect, the data may be made accessible to the officeproduct outlets, the office product distributor, the office productsupplier via a network-based interface. As an additional aspect, thedata may be accessible to the office product distributor and the officeproduct supplier only after verification of an identity thereof. Inanother aspect, the network may include the Internet. In a furtheraspect, the office product outlets, the office product distributor, andthe office product supplier each may forecast utilizing the data.

[1598]FIG. 102B is a flow diagram of a process 10260 for managing a booksupply chain utilizing a network. In operation 10262, a network isutilized to receive data from a plurality of book outlets of a booksupply chain in which the data relates to the sale of books by the bookoutlets. In operation 10264, an electronic order form is generated basedon the data for ordering book from a book distributor of the book supplychain. In operation 10266, the data is transmitted via the network tothe book distributor of the book supply chain. In operation 10268, thedata is also transmitted to a book supplier of the book supply chainutilizing the network. In operation 10270, activity in the book supplychain is forecast utilizing the data.

[1599] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of book distributors and book suppliers. In another aspect,the data may be made accessible to the book outlets, the bookdistributor, the book supplier via a network-based interface. In anadditional aspect, the data may be accessible to the book distributorand the book supplier only after verification of an identity thereof. Inanother aspect, the network may include the Internet. In a furtheraspect, the book outlets, the book distributor, and the book suppliereach may forecast utilizing the data.

[1600]FIG. 103 is a flowchart of a process 10330 for managing a gasstation supply chain utilizing a network. In operation 10332, a networkis utilized to receive data from a plurality of gas station outlets of agas station supply chain in which the data relates to the sale of gasstation goods and services by the gas station outlets. In operation10334, an electronic order form is generated based on the data forordering gas station goods and services from a gas station distributorof the gas station supply chain. The data is transmitted via the networkto the gas station distributor of the gas station supply chain inoperation 10336. The data is also transmitted to a gas station supplierof the gas station supply chain in operation 10338 utilizing thenetwork. Additionally, activity in the gas station supply chain isforecast in operation 10340 utilizing the data.

[1601] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of gas station distributors and gas station suppliers. Inanother aspect, the data may be made accessible to the gas stationoutlets, the gas station distributor, the gas station supplier via anetwork-based interface. In an additional aspect, the data may beaccessible to the gas station distributor and the gas station supplieronly after verification of an identity thereof. In another aspect, thenetwork may include the Internet. In a further aspect, the gas stationoutlets, the gas station distributor, and the gas station supplier eachmay forecast utilizing the data.

[1602]FIG. 104A is a flowchart of a process 10430 for managing aconvenience store supply chain utilizing a network. A network isutilized in operation 10432 to receive data from a plurality ofconvenience store outlets of a convenience store supply chain in whichthe data relates to the sale of convenience store by the conveniencestore outlets. In operation 10434, an electronic order form is generatedbased on the data for ordering convenience store from a conveniencestore distributor of the convenience store supply chain. The data istransmitted via the network to the convenience store distributor of theconvenience store supply chain in operation 10436. In operation 10438,the data is transmitted to a convenience store supplier of theconvenience store supply chain utilizing the network. In operation10440, activity in the convenience store supply chain is forecastutilizing the data.

[1603] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of convenience store distributors and convenience storesuppliers. In another aspect, the data may be made accessible to theconvenience store outlets, the convenience store distributor, theconvenience store supplier via a network-based interface. In anadditional aspect, the data may be accessible to the convenience storedistributor and the convenience store supplier only after verificationof an identity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the convenience store outlets, theconvenience store distributor, and the convenience store supplier eachmay forecast utilizing the data.

[1604]FIG. 104B is a flow diagram of a process 10460 for managing a toysupply chain utilizing a network. In operation 10462, a network isutilized to receive data from a plurality of toy outlets of a toy supplychain in which the data relates to the sale of toys by the toy outlets.In operation 10464, an electronic order form is generated based on thedata for ordering toy from a toy distributor of the toy supply chain. Inoperation 10466, the data is transmitted via the network to the toydistributor of the toy supply chain. In operation 10468, the data isalso transmitted to a toy supplier of the toy supply chain utilizing thenetwork. In operation 10470, activity in the toy supply chain isforecast utilizing the data.

[1605] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of toy distributors and toy suppliers. In another aspect, thedata may be made accessible to the toy outlets, the toy distributor, thetoy supplier via a network-based interface. In an additional aspect, thedata may be accessible to the toy distributor and the toy supplier onlyafter verification of an identity thereof. In another aspect, thenetwork may include the Internet. In a further aspect, the toy outlets,the toy distributor, and the toy supplier each may forecast utilizingthe data.

[1606]FIG. 105 is a flowchart of a process 10530 for managing anentertainment media supply chain utilizing a network. Such entertainmentmedia may include mediums with music and/or video stored thereon, etc.In operation 10532, a network is utilized to receive data from aplurality of entertainment media outlets of an entertainment mediasupply chain in which the data relates to the sale of entertainmentmedia by the entertainment media outlets. In operation 10534, anelectronic order form is generated based on the data for orderingentertainment media from an entertainment media distributor of theentertainment media supply chain. In operation 10536, the data istransmitted via the network to the entertainment media distributor ofthe entertainment media supply chain. In operation 10538, the data istransmitted to an entertainment media supplier of the entertainmentmedia supply chain utilizing the network. In operation 10540, activityin the entertainment media supply chain is forecast utilizing the data.

[1607] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of entertainment media distributors and entertainment mediasuppliers. In another aspect, the data may be made accessible to theentertainment media outlets, the entertainment media distributor, theentertainment media supplier via a network-based interface. In anadditional aspect, the data may be accessible to the entertainment mediadistributor and the entertainment media supplier only after verificationof an identity thereof. In another aspect, the network may include theInternet. In a further aspect, the entertainment media outlets, theentertainment media distributor, and the entertainment media suppliereach may forecast utilizing the data.

[1608]FIG. 106 is a flowchart of a process 10630 for managing anaccommodation supply chain utilizing a network. A network is utilized inoperation 10632 to receive data from a plurality of accommodationoutlets of an accommodation supply chain in which the data relates tothe sale of accommodation by the accommodation outlets, such as hotels,motels, inns, resorts, casinos, etc. An electronic order form isgenerated in operation 10634 based on the data for orderingaccommodation from an accommodation distributor of the accommodationsupply chain. The data is transmitted via the network to theaccommodation distributor of the accommodation supply chain in operation10636. The data is also transmitted to an accommodation supplier of theaccommodation supply chain utilizing the network in operation 10638.Additionally, activity in the accommodation supply chain is forecastutilizing the data in operation 10640.

[1609] In one aspect, the data may be parsed to match each of aplurality of accommodation distributors and accommodation suppliers. Asa further aspect, the data may be made accessible to the accommodationoutlets, the accommodation distributor, the accommodation supplier via anetwork-based interface. As an additional aspect, the data may beaccessible to the accommodation distributor and the accommodationsupplier only after verification of an identity thereof. In anotheraspect, the network may include the Internet. In a further aspect, theaccommodation outlets, the accommodation distributor, and theaccommodation supplier each may forecast utilizing the data.

[1610]FIG. 107 is a flowchart of a process 10730 for a reverse auctionin a supply chain management framework. Data is received in operation10732 from a plurality of stores of a supply chain utilizing a network.The data relates to the sale of goods by the stores. An electronic orderform is generated based on the data for ordering goods from adistributor of the supply chain in operation 10734. The data is thentransmitted to suppliers of the supply chain utilizing the network inoperation 10736 so that the suppliers can offer raw products used forproducing the goods at a predetermined price, with the price decreasingas a function of time during a predetermined duration.

[1611] In one aspect, the data is parsed to match each of a plurality ofdistributors. In such an aspect, the data may be made accessible to thestores, the distributor, the suppliers via a network-based interface. Asa further aspect, the data may be accessible to the distributor and thesuppliers only after verification of an identity thereof. In anotheraspect, the suppliers are chosen by the stores. In a further aspect, thestores, the distributor, and the suppliers each forecast utilizing thedata.

[1612]FIG. 108 is a flowchart of a process 10830 for trackingnon-conforming goods in a supply chain management framework. Note thatas used herein, “non-conforming goods includes damaged goods, mislabeledgoods, and inappropriate goods, etc. Thus, it should be understood thatthis process 10830 may also be utilized for tracking product withdrawalsand recalls, as well as tracking wrong products at the wrong time forthe wrong purpose so that incorrectly shipped products can be promptlyidentified so that damaged product, wrong product, incorrect amounts ofproduct are identified and tracked. A network is utilized in operation10832 to receive data from a plurality of stores of a supply chain. Thisdata relates to the sale of goods by the stores. An electronic orderform is generated based on the data for ordering goods from adistributor of the supply chain in operation 10834. When the orderedgoods are received in operation 10836, information relating to anynon-conforming goods delivered by the distributor is entered inoperation 10838 and aggregated in a database in operation 10840. Theaggregated information is subsequently transmitted to the distributorutilizing the network in operation 10842.

[1613] In one aspect, the information relates to an amount of damage tothe goods. In such an aspect, the information may also relate to a typeof damage to the goods. In another aspect, a plurality of electronicorder forms are generated based on the data for ordering goods from aplurality of distributors of the supply chain. As an aspect in thisaspect, the information may be parsed based on the distributor. As afurther aspect, a comparison may be performed between the parsed datafor each of the distributors. In another aspect, invoices may beautomatically adjusted to account for the damaged/nonconforming goods.In yet another aspect, the goods may be salvaged, such as by beingdonated to charity, shipped back to the distributor, resold, etc.

[1614]FIG. 109 is a flowchart of a process 10900 for allocatingresponsibilities in a supply chain management framework. An agreementbetween a plurality of parties in a supply chain is received inoperation 10902. A plurality of terms of the agreement are identified inoperation 10904 which are then parsed in operation 10906 into at least apair of groups including a first group of terms that includes commercialterms and a second group of terms that includes brand identity terms.Also, each of the terms outlines a responsibility. Theseresponsibilities are allocated among the parties based on the parsing inoperation 10908.

[1615] In one aspect, a first party is allocated the responsibilitiesoutlined by the first group of terms and a second party is allocated theresponsibilities outlined by the second group of terms. In anotheraspect, the parties are allocated the responsibilities outlined by oneof the groups of terms. In a further aspect, the agreement is receivedutilizing network. In such an aspect, the terms may be parsedautomatically utilizing a template. As a further aspect, theresponsibilities may be allocated by transmitting electronic mailutilizing the network. In an additional aspect, the agreement includesan operating agreement.

[1616]FIG. 110 is a flowchart of a process 11000 for determining productsupply parameters in a supply chain management framework. Product supplyparameters may include information including the following:price/volume/weight/fob/minimum quantity/payment terms/productspecifications. Data is received from a plurality of supply chainparticipants of a supply chain utilizing a network in operation 11002.The received data relates to the sale of products by the supply chainparticipants. Product supply parameters corresponding to each supplychain participant are then determined based on information including thedata in operation 11004. Next, corresponding product supply parametersis communicated to at least one supply chain participant in operation11006.

[1617] In one aspect, the product supply parameters are determined by abrand owner. In another aspect, the data is transmitted to thedistributor and a supplier in accordance with the product supplyparameters. In a further aspect, the network includes the Internet. Inan additional aspect, forecasting is carried out as a function of thedata and the product supply parameters. In another aspect, the productsupply parameters indicate a price and an amount of the products to beordered. In such an aspect, the product supply parameters may alsoindicate the price and the amount of the products to be orderedutilizing a look-up table which correlates the data to an appropriateprice and amount.

[1618]FIG. 111 is a flowchart of a process 6200 for reducing costs in asupply chain management framework. Data is received from a plurality ofsupply chain participants utilizing a network in operation 11102. Thereceived data relates to the sale of products by the supply chainparticipants. Rules are determined to ensure the incurrence of minimalcosts to the supply chain participants in operation 11104 and the rulesare applied to ensure supply to the supply chain participants at minimalcost without requiring the supply chain manager to take title to anygoods in operation 11106.

[1619] In one aspect, the rules are determined by a brand owner. Inanother aspect, the rules indicate a distributor to which the electronicorder form is to be sent. In a further aspect, the rules indicate anamount of the products to be ordered from the distributor of the supplychain. In an additional aspect, forecasting is carried out as a functionof the rules. In another aspect, promotion planning is carried out as afunction of the rules.

[1620]FIG. 112 is a flowchart of a process 11200 for handling contractsin a supply chain management framework. One of a plurality of contractsis selected in operation 11202. The selected contract template istransmitted to a supply chain participant in operation 11204. Data isreceived from supply chain participants utilizing a network in operation11206. This data relates to the sale of products by the supply chainparticipants. The contract templates are then enforced in accordancewith the data in operation 11208.

[1621] In one aspect, the contract templates compliment each other. Inanother aspect, each contract template includes portions to be filledout by the supply chain participants. In a further aspect, the selectedcontract template is transmitted to the supply chain participantutilizing the network. In an additional aspect, the network includes theInternet. In another aspect, an indication of acceptance of the contractis received from the supply chain participant.

[1622]FIG. 113 is a flowchart of a process 11300 for centralizing asupply chain management framework in which a plurality of distributorsof a supply chain are registered in operation 11302. Distributionmanagement rights are then assigned from the distributors to a supplychain manager in operation 11304. Subsequently, data from a plurality ofoutlets of the supply chain is received utilizing a network in operation11306. The received data relates to the sale of products by the outlets.The use of the data is managed during the distribution of products tothe outlets by the distributors in operation 11308. This management ofdata use is handled by the supply chain manager.

[1623] In one aspect, the assignment is capable of being terminatedbased on gross negligence on the part of the supply chain manager. Inanother aspect, the distributors are registered utilizing the network.In a further aspect, the managing includes determining an amount of theproducts to be distributed to the outlets. In an additional aspect, themanaging includes determining a timing of distribution of the productsto be distributed to the outlets. In yet another aspect, the managingincludes the selection of the distributors to distribute products to theoutlets.

[1624]FIG. 114 is a flowchart of a process 11400 for providing localdistribution committees in a supply chain management framework. Aplurality of distributors of a supply chain are registered in operation11402. Through a supply chain manager, a local distribution committee isorganized and assigned for each distributor in operation 11406. Datafrom a plurality of outlets of the supply chain is subsequently receivedutilizing a network in operation 11408. This received data relates tothe sale of products by the outlets. The data is then transmitted toeach of the distributors via the corresponding local distributioncommittee utilizing the network in operation 11410.

[1625] In one aspect, the data is organized by the corresponding localdistribution committee prior to transmission to the distributors. Inanother aspect, the data is processed by the corresponding localdistribution committee prior to transmission to the distributors. In afurther aspect, each local distribution committee utilizes the data forforecasting and then transmits the forecasting to the correspondingdistributors. In an additional aspect, the distributors are organizedand assigned a local distribution committee based on a location thereof.In even another aspect, each local distribution committee includes anetwork-based interface for transmitting the data.

[1626]FIG. 115 is a flowchart of a process 11500 for price auditing in asupply chain management framework. A network is utilized in operation11502 to collect data from a plurality of stores of a supply chain thatrelates to the sale of goods by the stores. Electronic order forms aregenerated in operation 11504 based on the data for ordering goods from aplurality of distributors of the supply chain and then sent to thedistributors in operation 11506 utilizing the network. In response,invoices are received from the distributors utilizing the network inoperation 11508. A price for the goods is then calculated utilizing theelectronic order forms and the invoices in operation 11510.Subsequently, the price is audited in operation 11512.

[1627] In one aspect, the price is audited by comparing the price to apredetermined amount. In another aspect, the price of the goods iscalculated from the electronic order forms utilizing a table mapping aplurality of goods with a plurality of prices. In a further aspect, theelectronic order forms are generated by the stores. In an additionalaspect, the electronic order forms are generated by the stores. In yetanother aspect, an electronic mail alert is generated in response to theaudit.

[1628]FIG. 116 is a flowchart of a process 11600 for auditingperformance in a supply chain framework. Data is collected from aplurality of supply chain participants utilizing a network in operation11602. This data relates to the sale of goods by the supply chainparticipants. Access to the data is allowed utilizing a network-basedinterface in operation 11604. Electronic order forms are generated basedon the data for a supply chain participant in operation 11606. Thegenerated electronic order forms are sent to the to the supply chainparticipant utilizing the network in operation 11608. A performance ofthe delivery of the goods by the supply chain participant is thentracked in operation 11610. The tracked performance of the delivery ofthe goods by the supply chain participant is subsequently audited inoperation 11612.

[1629] In one aspect, the performance may be audited by comparing theperformance to a performance indicated on the electronic order forms. Inanother aspect, the performance may indicate a day of the delivery. In afurther aspect, the performance may indicate an hour of the delivery. Inan additional aspect, the performance may be tracked by entering theperformance utilizing the network-based interface. In another aspect, anelectronic mail alert may be generated in response to the audit.

[1630]FIG. 117 is a flowchart of a process 11700 for providing anelectronic mail virtual private network in a supply chain managementframework. Utilizing a network, data is collected in operation 11702from a plurality of outlets of a supply chain that relates to the saleof goods by the outlets. Access to the data is allowed in operation11704 utilizing a network-based interface. The data is processed inoperation 11706 and then sent in operation 11708 using electronic mailvia the network to one or more of the following: a supplier, adistributor and the outlets in the supply chain.

[1631] In one aspect, the network includes the Internet. In anotheraspect, the processed data is sent to the supplier, the distributor, andthe outlets. In such an aspect, the supplier, the distributor, and theoutlets may be registered with a process that includes the collection ofelectronic mail addresses thereof. In further aspect, the processed dataincludes forecasting, promotion planning, and ordering. In an additionalaspect, the processed data may be sent to a supplier, a distributor, aswell as outlets indicated by the data.

[1632]FIG. 118 is a flowchart of a process 11800 for secret pricing in asupply chain management framework. An agreement is negotiated with asupplier of a supply chain that sets a first price for a predeterminedproduct in operation 11802. The predetermined product is then orderedfrom the supplier by a purchasing supply chain participant in operation11804. Data is collected from a plurality of supply chain participantsutilizing a network in operation 11806. The data relates to the sale ofgoods by the supply chain participants. An invoice is subsequentlyreceived from the supplier by the purchasing supply chain participant inoperation 11808. This the invoice reflects a second price for thepredetermined product which is different from the first price.

[1633] In one aspect, the ordering is carried out utilizing a network.In a similar aspect, the receiving is carried out utilizing a network.In another aspect, the second price is a function of the first price.For example, the first price may be a percentage of the second price. Infurther aspect, the second price is converted to the first price priorto processing. In such an aspect, the processing may include marketanalysis. In yet another aspect, a supply chain manager may collect fromthe supplier an amount equal to a difference between the second priceand the first price.

[1634]FIG. 119 is a flowchart of a process 11900 for managing risk in asupply chain management framework. A network is utilized in operation11902 to receive data from a plurality of outlets of a supply chain thatrelates to an amount of products sold by the outlets. A maximumacceptable amount of loss is determined in operation 11904 and themaximum acceptable amount of loss is translated to acceptable orderingstandards in operation 11906. An electronic order form is then generatedbased on the data and the acceptable ordering standards for orderingproducts from a distributor of the supply chain in operation 11908.

[1635] In one aspect, the maximum acceptable amount of loss includes apredetermined amount of money. In another aspect, the acceptableordering standards allow the calculation of a maximum amount of productsthat can be ordered as a function of the data. In a further aspect, theacceptable ordering standards allow the calculation of a maximum priceof products that can be ordered as a function of the data. In anadditional aspect, the translating is carried out utilizing a look-uptable. In yet another aspect, an alert is generated upon the productsordered based on the data not meeting the acceptable ordering standards.

[1636]FIG. 120 is a flowchart of a process 12000 for product tracking ina supply chain management framework. Data is received from a pluralityof outlets of a supply chain utilizing a network in operation 12002. Thereceived data relates to an amount of products sold by the outlets.Electronic order forms are generated based on the data for orderingproducts from a distributor of the supply chain in operation 12004. Theelectronic order forms indicate an amount of the products ordered byeach outlet. An amount and a location of the products are trackedutilizing the data and the forms in operation 12006.

[1637] In one aspect, the products may be tracked for recall purposes.In another aspect the amount and the location of the products may betracked by subtracting the amount of products sold from the amount ofproducts ordered for each of the outlets. In a further aspect, theamount and the location of the products may be audited. In an additionalaspect, the amount of products sold and the amount of products orderedmay be accessible via a network-based interface. In yet another aspect,the network includes the Internet.

[1638]FIG. 121 is a flowchart of a process 12100 for auctioning surplusproducts in a supply chain management framework. Utilizing a network,data is received from a plurality of outlets of a supply chain inoperation 12102. The received data relates to an amount of products soldby the outlets. The received data is then made accessible to theoutlets, distributors, and suppliers utilizing a network based interfacein operation 12104.

[1639] Utilizing the network-based interface, surplus products from atleast one of the outlets are auctioned in operation 12106.

[1640] In one aspect, the outlets, the distributors, and the suppliersmay be provided access to the network-based interface. In such anaspect, the outlets, the distributors, and the suppliers may also becapable of submitting bids utilizing the network-based interface. Inanother aspect, the network includes the Internet. In a further aspect,the auctioning may be initiated in response to one of the outletsclosing.

[1641]FIG. 122 is a flowchart of a process 12200 for managing a supplychain utilizing a network. Data is received from a plurality of outletsof a supply chain utilizing a network in operation 12202. The receiveddata relates to the sale of products by the outlets. An electronic orderform is then generated in operation 12204 based on the data for orderingproducts from a distributor of the supply chain. Access to the data isprovided in operation 12206 utilizing a network-based interface equippedto handle secure sockets layer (SSL) protocol.

[1642] In one aspect, the access may be provided only after verificationof a password and a user name. In another aspect, the network-basedinterface may be capable of timing out after a predetermined amount oftime. In a further aspect, the data and electronic order form may beencrypted. In yet another aspect, the network includes the Internet. Inan additional aspect, the outlets, the distributor, and a supplier eachmay be provided access to the network-based interface.

[1643]FIG. 123 is a flowchart of a process 12300 for managing a supplychain utilizing a network. Data from a plurality of outlets of a supplychain is received utilizing a network in operation 12302. The receiveddata relates to the sale of products by the outlets. An electronic orderform is generated in operation 12304 based on the data for orderingproducts from a distributor of the supply chain. Access to the data isallowed utilizing a network-based interface in operation 12306.

[1644] In one aspect, forecasting may be made available on thenetwork-based interface. In another aspect, promotion planning may bemade available on the network-based interface. In a further aspect, thenetwork includes the Internet. In an additional aspect, the outlets, thedistributor, and a supplier may be allowed access to the data.

[1645]FIG. 124 is a flowchart of a process 12400 for disseminatingcalendar information in a supply chain utilizing a network. A network isutilized in operation 12402 to receive data from a plurality of outletsof a supply chain relating to the sale of products by the outlets. Acalendar of events is generated in operation 12404. Access to thecalendar of events is allowed utilizing a network-based interface inoperation 12406.

[1646] In one aspect, the calendar of events may be generated based atleast in part on the data. In another aspect, the calendar of events maybe generated based at least in part on promotion planning. In furtheraspect, the network includes the Internet. In an additional aspect, theaccess to the calendar of events may be restricted to only apredetermined set of the outlets. In such an aspect, the restrictedaccess may be enforced utilizing passwords as a further option.

Illustrative Embodiment

[1647] This section illustrates a Supply System according to anexemplary embodiment of the present invention. Accordingly, FIG. 125illustrates a graphical user interface 12500 for generating cost systemcomponents. The basic components of the cost system are Items 12502, FOBpoints (Supplier Sites) and Distribution Centers. To add to or modify acost system component, the relevant component is selected from theSupply menu. Then New 12602 is selected from selection screen 12600. SeeFIG. 126.

[1648]FIG. 127 illustrates an Add Items window 12700 displayed uponselecting Items from the Supply menu and New from the selection screen.Several fields of the window are:

[1649] Item Desc 12702: Enter a uniquely identifying Item description.This is the name that will appear on all reports including Landed Costreports, Price Notifications and Contract Exhibits. (The sectionsentitled Building Cost Matrices and Creating Contracts, below, providean explanation of these reports.) FIG. 128 illustrates a Landed CostReport 12800 by Distribution Center.

[1650] Product Cat Code: Product category, for example, dry,refrigerated, frozen etc.

[1651] Item Rank: Optional, Test, Mandatory or Unknown.

[1652] Note that the underlined data indicates that the information isrequired.

[1653]FIG. 129 illustrates an Item/FOB button 12900 that calls up an FOBwindow 13000 (see FIG. 130) upon its selection. If FOB points arealready in the system, Item/FOB associations (Who can supply theproduct) can be created from this screen. A procedure for adding new FOBpoints is set forth below.

[1654] The information entered for each Item FOB has many implicationsthroughout the purchasing automation systems. The values are used onmany of the reports provided to Suppliers, Distributors and BoardMembers as well as being an integral part in Bid and Least Costcalculations. The following list defines several of the fields of theFOB window. Self-explanatory columns are omitted.

[1655] Supplier Item Desc: Item description by which the Supplieridentifies the Item. This may not always agree with the Supply Chaincoordinator's description and in some cases the Supplier may have thesame item description for many Supply Chain coordinator items, forexample, promotional cups. PN (PN—Data is used on a Price Notification)

[1656] Item Size: Used to store case dimensions; can be replaced by casespecific columns. PN

[1657] Item No: Suppliers Item number. PN

[1658] Case Length, Width, Depth: Product of the columns should equalthe Item Cube.

[1659] Tie/High Quantity: Case Width and Height on a pallet, i.e. 3Cases across on 4 levels. PN

[1660] Item Cube: Volume per case. PN/BLC (BLC—Data is mandatory tocomplete the Bid/Least Cost calculations.)

[1661] Cases per Truckload: # cases per truck. PN/BLC

[1662] Gross Weight: Gross Weight of each case. PN/BLC

[1663] The process for adding FOB points is essentially the same asadding Items. In this case, Supplier Sites is selected from the SupplySystem main menu, then New on the selection screen. FIG. 131 illustratesa window 13100 for adding an FOB point. In the Site Name field 13102,the name of the site is entered. One standard naming convention for asupplier site is SUPPLIER NAME—CITY, STATE. The Site Role fieldidentifies the role of the site. Only sites that have been marked with arole of “FOB Shipping Point” or “Corporate & FOB Point” are available tothe purchasing systems when building cost matrices, creating Bids, etc.

[1664] The Supplier should be added to the system before identifying theFOB points. In many cases the Suppliers headquarters is also an FOBpoint. These records will be identified with a site role of “Corporate &FOB Point”. See below for a further explanation of Site roles.

[1665]FIG. 132 depicts a screen 13200 for adding Distribution Centers.Distribution Centers are added much less frequently and basically haveto satisfy the same requirements as FOB points. They must have a role of“FOB Shipping Point” or “Corporate & FOB Point” and have an “Active”status in order to be selected.

[1666]FIG. 133 is a flowchart of a process 13300 for creating costsystem components in a supply chain utilizing a network in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. A plurality of items aredefined utilizing a graphical user interface in operation 13302. Asupplier site is selected from a set utilizing the graphical userinterface in operation 13304. The set of supplier sites is determinedbased on the definition of the items. A distribution center is alsodetermined utilizing the graphical user interface in operation 13306.The distribution center is designated to interface with the suppliersite for distribution of the items.

[1667] In one aspect of the present invention, the items may be definedutilizing an item identifier, a category, and a rank. In another aspect,the set of supplier sites may be determined utilizing on an associationbetween the definition of the items and the supplier sites. In anadditional aspect, the set of supplier sites may be capable of supplyingthe defined items. In a further aspect, the supplier sites may bedefined utilizing a name and a role identifier. In an additional aspect,the items are defined, the supplier site selected, and the distributioncenter determined utilizing a network.

Building Cost Matrices

[1668] Once the basic components of the cost system have been created,the matrices can either be manually created or can be generated by theLeast Cost system after completion of analysis. (See the sectionentitled Creating the Cost Matrices, below, for a detailed explanationof this option.)

[1669]FIG. 134 illustrates a matrix window 13400. Matrices can becreated from scratch or by making a copy of a previous matrix using aNew Using Previous option. The important options at the top of thematrix window are as follows:

[1670] Begin:/End: Identifies the starting point and length of thecurrent model. Matrices cannot overlap and at the point one attempts tosave an overlapping matrix, he or she will be prompted to change thedates.

[1671] Final: Only matrices that have been finalized will appear on allpublished reports in the system. Note that even if the dates suggestthat this matrix is current, the fact that the final indicator is leftunchecked will filter it from reports.

[1672] Apply By: This feature allows a user to effect a change to one ormultiple records. For example, say an Items Invoice FOB price will bethe same regardless of the FOB point. If the price for one FOB point isentered, and “Apply By” Supplier is selected, the system wouldautomatically copy the same value to all other FOB points belonging tothat Supplier.

[1673]FIG. 135 illustrates a matrix 13500. Matrices are preferably usedto display performance metrics in an organized and easily understandablemanner. Such performance metrics include on time delivery, fill rate,perfect delivery, lead-time, payment periods, costs, order charges, etc.

[1674] The primary purpose of a matrix is to identify the source anddestination for the product in question. In this example, the AmeriserveDenver Distribution Center (DC) will be supplied by Tyson's Greenforest,Ark. FOB point.

[1675]FIG. 136 illustrates an FOB matrix 13600. Columns in the matrixare set forth below.

[1676] Con FOB the Contract FOB is the actual price from the FOB pointselected on the current record. In the case of volume pricing, thissignifies the price at the volume breakpoint, based on the total awardto this FOB point across all DC's.

[1677] Inv FOB the Invoice FOB is the weighted average contract FOB forthe current matrix. Each contract fob price is weighted based on thevolume on that particular lane. This is the price that the DC willactually receive on their invoice. All DC's receive the same invoiceprice with the exceptions of RDC lanes (See below for a more detailedexplanation.)

[1678] Freight Actual freight charge on the lane.

[1679] Landed the actual cost to the Distribution Center.

[1680]FIG. 137 illustrates a contract matrix 13700 displayed uponselection of the Contract button 13800 shown in FIG. 138.

[1681] Contr The contract that covers this item and date range. (See thesection entitled Creating Contracts for a detailed explanation.) Thecontract is associated with the Matrix by selecting the Contract Linkoption on the toolbar.

[1682] LB The total weight of product (generally only for beef) on thislane.

[1683] Trk The number of trucks that the weight entered represents.

[1684] Routing The routing option used on this lane. Either FullTruckload (TL), Less than Truckload (LTL), Re-distribution (RDC) orTruckload with a minimum (TLMIN). The section entitled Optimal ProductRouting provides a detailed description with examples of each routingtype.

[1685]FIG. 139 depicts a minimum order matrix 13900. Matrix itemsinclude:

[1686] Min Ordr/UM When the usage on a lane suggests that the DC willnot order full truckloads, the minimum order for TLMIN orders can bespecified using these columns.

[1687] Slip Whether the product ships on Slipsheets or Pallets.

[1688] Deliv. In certain cases the Suppliers will quote only a pricedirectly to the Distribution Center. In these scenarios the Invoice FOB,Contract FOB, Freight and Landed columns will be blank and the deliveredprice is entered here.

[1689]FIG. 140 illustrates a shipping matrix 14000.

[1690] Carrier Rail, Truck, Ship etc. The method of shipment.

[1691] Stated Vol the expected volume on the lane. This number will showup on the contract reports discussed in the next section.

[1692] Once the matrix is complete it should be finalized and saved.

[1693] At this point the Distribution Center (DC) Price notification canbe generated. This communicates to the DC's their FOB points selectedand relevant pricing, and is generated by selecting the PriceNotification option from the Options menu 14100 (FIG. 141) or theNotification toolbar button 14200 (FIG. 142). Supplier confirmation isprovided with the contract for all items except Beef.

[1694] For example, since beef pricing is changed much more frequentlythan other products, their contracts cover multiple cost matrices. Theyhave a separate DC Notification and Supplier Confirmation report, whichis only enabled when working with beef items.

[1695] The beef reports are generated in letter format and automaticallycombine all beef items into the same report.

[1696]FIG. 143 illustrates selection of a Multi-Item Price Notification14300. If a Price Notification is generated from the cost matrix window,it will only include the current item. Also provided can be the facilityto generate multi-item price notifications. The windows standardparadigm of CTRL+CLICK and SHIFT+CLICK can be used to select multipleitems on the item selection window. The report will automaticallycombine all selected items in one report, but may or may not be possibleto select two matrices for the same item.

[1697]FIG. 144 is a flowchart of a process 14400 for utilizing costmodels in a supply chain utilizing a network in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. At least one item to be distributedis identified utilizing a graphical user interface in operation 14402. Acost model is associated with the item utilizing the graphical userinterface in operation 14404. The graphical user interface is thenutilized to determine a time frame during which the cost model is validin operation 14406. The cost model identifies a contract cost, aninvoice cost, and a landed cost associated with the distribution of theitem.

[1698] In one embodiment of the present invention reports for each ofthe items may be generated utilizing the cost model. As a furtheraspect, at least one of the reports may be for a plurality of the items.In one aspect, the cost model identifies a source and a destination ofthe item. In another aspect, a plurality of the cost models may beavailable for being associated with the item. In a further aspect, theitem may be identified and the cost model associated with the itemutilizing a network.

Creating Contracts

[1699] The Price Notification reports, discussed in the previous sectionprovide the communication link with the DC's, whereas the Supplierreports are generated within the contracts system.

[1700] In order to link contracts to cost matrices as discussed in theprevious section, the relevant items must first be associated with thecontract. An item selection screen is accessed such as by selecting aNew Item button 14500 as shown in FIG. 145. The item selection screenworks in the same manner as the selection screens discussed in thesection on “Creating Cost Components”.

[1701] Preferably, Item/Contract associations cannot overlap; in otherwords there cannot be two contracts for the same items with a Supplierat the same time. The system will automatically prevent creation of thissituation.

[1702]FIG. 146 illustrates a Contract/Buyer association screen 14600.

[1703] Contract ID: The contract number is assigned automatically by thesystem once the user saves for the first time.

[1704] Current Buyer: Products frequently change hands as buyerresponsibility's change. The present invention provides the ability toselect the current buyer to accommodate this fact.

[1705]FIG. 147 depicts a contract schedule screen 14700. Pertinentfields are:

[1706] Contract Start/End: Contracts can span multiple matrices, butcannot overlap. The dates will appear on all reports sent to theSupplier.

[1707] Effective: Either shipment or order date.

[1708] Payment Terms: Terms of payment.

[1709] Lead-time, Effective and Payment Terms all appear on the DC Pricenotification.

[1710] The present invention also generates several reports. A Generatebutton 14800, shown in FIG. 148, links to Microsoft Word and populatesrequired fields with the contract information. Once created, a contractcannot be overwritten by the system. Further, contracts can only beremoved by an administrative department.

[1711]FIG. 149 illustrates an Exhibit A button 14900, which uponselection provides the Supplier with the “Approved Products” listing forthe current contract. This identifies the products and FOB points forwhich the contract is being established.

[1712] The Exhibit A report shows all detail added when the Item/FOBrecords is created. It is important in that it identifies therelationship between the Supply Chain Coordinator's item and theSupplier's item and also ensures that the information in the system iscurrent and correct.

[1713]FIG. 150 illustrates an Exhibit B button 15000, which uponselection provides the detail on per case pricing and volume for eachlane assigned to this Supplier.

[1714] The Exhibit B always retrieves the latest finalized matrix foreach item. If the contract has not been linked or the relevant matrixfinalized, they should be done prior to generating this report.

[1715] In most cases, the contract term will correspond to the start andend dates of the linked matrix. However, if the contract will outlastthe matrix, the screen 15100 of FIG. 151 is presented. The variouscolumns include:

[1716] Cost Matrix End Date identifies the minimum term but will alsomean that at the end of the matrix the contracted pricing will expireand a new Exhibit B should be generated and signed. (See ReplacementExhibit B)

[1717] Contract End Date assumes that the pricing will not change forthe length of the contract although the matrix suggests that this maynot be true.

[1718] No End date essentially leaves it open-ended.

[1719] Since the Exhibit B will publish the term of the pricing, thechoice of end date becomes very important.

[1720] In some cases, there may be a need to publish new pricing andvolumes during the term of the contract. Selection of the ReplacementExhibit B menu item 15200 accommodates this process. See FIG. 152. Thereplacement Exhibit B differs from the standard Exhibit B only in thatit provides a section at the end of the report for signatures.

[1721] Exhibit C, generated upon selecting the Exhibit C button 15300 ofFIG. 153, lists product routing for each lane and any minimum orderquantities if applicable, whether the product is sent in fulltruckloads, full truckloads with a minimum order quantity, less thantruckload or for re-distribution.

[1722]FIG. 154 is a flowchart of a process 15400 for creating a contractutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A contract is identified utilizinga graphical user interface in operation 15402. The contract is theassociated with an item to be distributed utilizing the graphical userinterface in operation 15404. The item is also prevented from beingassociated with more than one contract in operation 15406.

[1723] In one aspect of the present invention, the contract may beidentified utilizing a start date, an end date, an execution date, andpayment terms. In one embodiment, the contract may be generated bypopulating a template with information associated with the contract. Inanother aspect, items capable of being associated with the contract aredisplayed. In a further aspect, the contract may be identified and thecontract associated with the item utilizing a network. In such anaspect, the network may include the Internet.

Bid Proposal Processing

[1724] The proposal system has been designed to allow quick and easycreation of a generic proposal for any item(s) and supplier(s) withinthe Supply System. By centralizing the creation and storage of the data,an online record of all current and historical proposals is enabled. Theproposal system is also tightly integrated with the Least Cost analysissystem.

[1725] The system is made up of two modules: data entry and reporting.

[1726] Data Entry allows a user to enter or select all information forgenerating a complete proposal. Data Entry includes entering generalproposal information (i.e. proposal name, buyer name, due date, contractbegin date and end date), items, suppliers, restaurants served, usageinformation, selecting cost component templates, and updating MicrosoftWord template documents. Most of the information above will be generatedfrom data within the Supply System, but the system will allow the userto change some information when necessary.

[1727] Reporting: After data has been entered, the proposal can begenerated and printed. In the reporting module of the proposal process,a user can update specific documents for a supplier, print any of thereports included in the proposal, and/or generate the entire proposal.

[1728] By following the flow of the tabs on the proposal window d2900(see FIG. d29), the user will be guided through the proposal process.When enough data is entered to continue on to the next step in theproposal process more tabs will be enabled. For example, when the userhas completed entering information on the Main Info tab, the Items,Suppliers, DCs, and FOB Price tabs will become enabled.

[1729] The goal of the proposal system is to provide a way to generate aproposal in a more time efficient manner while at the same timecentralizing the storage of proposals and allowing integration of theproposal with the Least Cost Analysis system.

[1730] A new Proposal can be created in either of two ways. The firstand probably the most simple method is to build the proposal fromscratch. Referring to FIG. 155, to create a proposal from scratch,select Proposal from the Supply menu. Then select Edit/New 15500 to openan existing Proposal or create a new proposal. After selecting theEdit/New menu option, the standard query screen is presented. Select Newon the standard query screen to begin generating the proposal.

[1731] The second method uses the “New Using Previous” feature of thepresent invention, which will create an entire copy of a previousproposal (not including any documents) and allow the user to make anynecessary modifications. To being the process, select the New UsingPrevious menu item 15502 to copy an existing Proposal into a newProposal. Note that this feature is similar to the Cost Matrix featureof the same name.

[1732]FIG. 156 illustrates a Bid Proposal Window 15600. The Bid Proposalwindow is made up of several different ‘tabs’. These tabs are identifiedby the labels across the top of the window. Examples of the tabs are‘View Bid’ 15602, ‘Items’ 15604, and ‘Usage’ 15606.

[1733] The first tab visible on the Bid Proposal window when it isopened is the ‘Main Info’ tab 15608. The ‘Main Info’ tab is wheregeneral information for this proposal is entered. The main info tab onthe Bid Proposal window shows general information, comments, and datesassociated with this bid. Such information includes:

[1734] Proposal ID: Unique identifier for this proposal. Generated bythe Supply System, Noneditable, used for identification on specificreports and for retrieval of proposals.

[1735] Proposal Name: Unique name for this proposal. It should berepresentative of the type of proposal the user is completing, and willbe the primary method of identifying and retrieving the proposal later.

[1736] Buyer Name: Name of buyer creating this proposal. Used toretrieve proposals by buyer.

[1737] Proposal Due Date: Date that this proposal is due back to theSupply Chain Coordinator. Used on the proposal Cover Letter report.

[1738] Contract Begin Date: Date that contract associated with thisproposal begins. Used on the proposal Cover Letter report, and used todetermine contract length for usage calculations.

[1739] Contract End Date: Date that contract associated with thisproposal ends. Used on the proposal Cover Letter report, and used todetermine the contract length for usage calculations.

[1740] Actions: Actions are comments or activities associated with thisproposal. A proposal can have an unlimited number of actions as long aseach action has a date and text. To add, delete, or print actions usethe buttons on the window's toolbar 15700, shown in FIG. 157.

[1741] After entering all of the information on the ‘Main Info’ tab theuser can move to the next tabs, ‘Items’, ‘Suppliers’, and ‘DCs’. Thesetabs are where the creation of a proposal begins. Although theseelements are added on three separate tabs in this description, themethods used to include them are consistent.

[1742]FIG. 158 illustrates the page 15800 under the Items tab. As shown,the left side of the page under each tab is the search and selectionarea. It functions in the same manner as the rest of the Supply System,in that the user enters a search string and clicks search, and similarnames to the search string will be retrieved. For example, as shown inFIG. 159 which illustrates the page 15900 under the Items tab uponselection of the Search button, all Items beginning with “CUP-HOT” wouldbe retrieved. After clicking on the ‘Search’ button, the presentinvention shows a list of Items matching ‘CUP-HOT’.

[1743] These tabs are “Drag and Drop” enabled; the user can select anyof the items found and by clicking on the relevant item and dragging itto the right, it is now included in the analysis. By the same token,dragging the selected item to the left will remove it from the proposal.The buttons between the search and selected areas can also can move theselections. Button 15902 moves whatever has been highlighted on the leftand includes it in the proposal. Button 15904 moves all items retrievedand includes them in the proposal. Button 15906 removes everythingpreviously included in the proposal. Button 15908 removes only thehighlighted selections from the proposal. Further, multi-select usingCTRL+Click, and double clicking on any Item to move it are preferablyalso supported.

[1744] After a search for the desired item(s) has been performed,another search can be performed by clicking the ‘Query’ button andentering new search criteria.

[1745] It is important to note that in order to include any of theelements in the proposal, they must have previously been entered in theSupply System. The Supplier selection tab retrieves all active andun-approved Suppliers that match the search criteria and have at leastone active contact. Inactive elements should not appear as a relevantselection in any of the tabs.

[1746] Since the DCs are generally consistent between proposals, acomplete list of all active DCs is retrieved and then the user simplyselects the relevant one, or in most cases presses the button to movethem all to the right.

[1747] When the user leaves any of the tabs for the first time, the newelements are propagated to all dependent tabs. For example, if a newItem is added, that implies new usage information.

[1748]FIG. 160 illustrates a page 16000 under the FOB Price tab forselecting FOB price component worksheets. As part of the proposalprocess Suppliers are asked to bid on FOB prices. The worksheets thatare provided to the suppliers can vary depending on the type of itemsincluded in the bid. There are several template FOB Price componentworksheets in the system. A different worksheet may be associated toeach item. For example, if a proposal involving mayonnaise were beingprepared, the user would select the ‘Mayonnaise Component’ worksheet asshown in FIG. 160.

[1749] An association between a worksheet and each item must begenerated before continuing to the next tab. Once all FOB pricecomponents are selected, the remaining tabs are enabled.

[1750] The selected worksheets can be printed along with the bid and canbe viewed on the ‘Template’ tab. For more information on the ‘FOB PriceComponent Worksheet’ see the Reporting section of this document.

[1751] The Proposal mechanism for estimating usage functions in almostexactly the same manner as in the Least Cost Analysis System. It iscomprised of two tabs; the DC/Rest tab is used for estimating restaurantgrowth by DC, and the Usage tab to estimate same store or item growth.The values from the first tab are used in the Usage tab to determine theprojected usage. For more information on general processing in thesetabs see the section entitled Distribution Center Usage.

[1752]FIG. 161 depicts a window 16100 for managing Distribution Centerusage. Although the use of the DC/Rest and Usage tabs are almostidentical there are a few differences and should be pointed out. Also,the tabs may look the same but the data stored here are used fordifferent purposes in each process. The differences in the proposalsystem are explained below. Usage information, Gross Weight and ItemCube can be used to determine if LTL sheets are printed and/or RDC's areincluded.

[1753] Gross Weight the approximate gross case weight of each item.

[1754] Item Cube the approximate case volume of each item.

[1755] Projected Usage Projected usage for the proposal contract period.

[1756] For example, if the two (2) week truckload weight estimate (twoweek usage×gross weight) is less than the system weight default (48,000LBS) OR the two week volume estimate (two week usage×item cube) is lessthan system cube default (3000 CFT) for any DC, an LTL worksheet isgenerated and RDC records will appear on the Truckload FreightWorksheet. The exact gross weight and cube will be requested on the ItemWorksheet. Realize that the total gross weight for a truck is 45,000lbs. LTL rates can be requested for any lane with less than 48,000 lbs.to avoid having to go back to the Supplier for additional rates. OptimalProduct Routing in this example uses 43,500 lbs. gross weight ofproduct, which accounts for pallet weight. For a detailed look at thecomponents and processing of the Usage Estimator, see the section of thesame name.

[1757]FIG. 162 is a flowchart of a process 16200 for creating a bidproposal utilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. A graphical user interfaceis displayed in response to a request to create a bid proposal inoperation 16202. Utilizing the graphical user interface, information isreceived in operation 16204 so that a bid proposal can then be generatedusing the information in operation 16206. The received information mayinclude a buyer name, a due date, a contract begin date, and/or acontract end date.

[1758] In one aspect of the present invention, the bid proposal may begenerated utilizing templates. In another aspect, the information may beselected from a displayed list of available information. In a furtheraspect, items capable of being associated with the bid proposal may alsobe displayed. In such an aspect, the information may further includeusage information associated with the items. In an additional aspect,the information may be received utilizing a network.

Proposal Reporting

[1759] In order to create a proposal, the user first edits templatedocuments and then selects which reports will be included in theproposal. FIG. 163 illustrates a Templates button 16300 which calls theTemplate window 16400 shown in FIG. 164.

[1760] The Proposal consists of two types of reports, Microsoft Word andCoordinator Supply. Microsoft Word reports are formatted and some areeditable within Word whereas the Supply System reports are generated bythe Supply System but are not editable. The following is a list ofreports available in the Proposal System and how they are generated.

[1761] The proposal system allows editing of a Microsoft Word templatedocument which is then used to create the actual document that will beincluded in the proposal. FIG. 165 illustrates a window 16500 displayedupon selection of the Templates tab. A drop down list box 16502 showswhich template documents can be edited. As shown in FIG. 165, theavailable templates include the Cover Letter and Price ComponentWorksheet. To start Microsoft Word and edit the selected template, theuser double clicks on the document in the window.

[1762] Once Microsoft Word has started the user can edit the templatedocument to fit his or her needs. The proposal Cover Letter will be usedherein as an example in order to demonstrate how to use the templatedocuments. The template bid cover letter is the basic cover letter usedto create supplier-specific cover letters.

[1763] Only generic changes that apply to all suppliers should be madein the template. When the proposal is created, this document will becopied to all the suppliers and contacts associated with this proposal.The user will be able to edit a supplier specific cover letter later inthe proposal process.

[1764] When editing of the cover letter ahs been completed, the documentis saved by selecting File, Update from Microsoft Word's menus 16600, asshown in FIG. 166. Now the user may return to the Supply System andcontinue with the proposal process.

[1765] Select Update to update the template

[1766] After the user has completed editing the templates, the proposalcan be created.

[1767] Before creating the proposal, the user is allowed to select whichreports should be included. FIG. 167 is an illustration of the page16700 presented upon selection of the Create Bid tab. Todesign/customize the appropriate proposal and select reports, the userchecks or unchecks the appropriate boxes. When the user is satisfiedwith the selections click the ‘Create Bid’ button 16800 on the toolbar.See FIG. 168.

[1768] The present invention then creates all of the documents needed toprint this proposal. The user can view any of these reports by makingthe appropriate selections in the drop down list boxes 16900 shown inFIG. 169. The user also has ability to view any of the proposal reportsone at a time and for any specific supplier.

[1769] Printing

[1770] The proposal system allows a certain degree of flexibility whenit comes to printing the proposal. The user can either print out onereport for a specific supplier (the currently selected report shown onthe window) or print the entire proposal. When printing the entireproposal, the documents will be collated by supplier. Microsoft Worddocuments will be printed first for all suppliers followed by theCoordinator generated reports. The different printing mechanisms can becontrolled by the buttons on the toolbar, shown in FIGS. 170 and 171.For example, the Print button 17000 Prints the currently selected reporton the window. The Print Bid button 17100 prints the entire proposal.

[1771] This will print all of the reports that have been checked off onthe Create Bid tab, only choose this option if the user is sure that heor she is ready to print the entire proposal. The proposal is now readyto be sent out. When proposals are returned, the information can noweasily be moved from the proposal process into the Least Cost Analysis.

[1772]FIG. 172 is a flowchart of a process 17200 for proposal reportingutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A proposal is identified inoperation 17202 utilizing a graphical user interface. A plurality ofcomponents of the proposal are then indicated utilizing the graphicaluser interface in operation 17204. The selection of the components issubsequently allowed utilizing the graphical user interface in operation17206 so that a proposal can be created utilizing the selectedcomponents in operation 17208.

[1773] In one aspect of the present invention, the proposal may begenerated utilizing templates. In another aspect, the graphical userinterface may be displayed utilizing a network browser. In a furtheraspect, the proposal may be editable. In an additional aspect, theproposal may be read-only. In yet another aspect, the proposal mayinclude a bid proposal for goods to be shipped from a supplier to anoutlet.

Creating a New Analysis

[1774] A Least Cost Analysis can be created in either of three ways. Thefirst and probably the most cumbersome method requires building theanalysis from scratch. The second method integrates the Bid proposalselections and creates the basis for a new analysis. Finally, the “NewUsing Previous” feature can be used, which will create an entire copy ofa previous analysis version and allow the user to make any necessarymodifications.

[1775] After selecting the Least Cost Toolbar button 17300 (see FIG.173), the user is prompted with the standard query screen 17400, shownin FIG. 175. The New button is selected. The details of the actualAnalysis features are covered in a section below.

[1776] The New Using Previous option is selected from the menu 17500shown in FIG. 175. Similar to the Cost Matrix feature of the same name,the user can make a complete copy of a previous Analysis version.However, unlike the Cost system there is no requirement that Analysis'dates cannot overlap.

[1777] Referring to the Bid Integration feature, since a lot of theinformation selected by the user in the Bid Proposal is also relevant toa Least Cost Analysis, the present invention provides the ability tointegrate the Bid information in the analysis.

[1778] To use the Bid Integration feature, the user selects the Newoption as above and the first column on the Analysis Tab will provide analphabetical list of all Bid Proposals in the system. This will copy theItems, Distribution Centers, DC Usage and usage related information suchas same store and restaurant growth estimates from the Bid. The user canchange the Bid selection or remove it by selecting “(None)” from thedrop down list box 17600 shown in FIG. 176.

[1779]FIG. 177 is a flowchart of a process 17700 for analysis creationutilizing a supply chain graphical user interface in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A graphical user interface isutilized in operation 17702 to select between a plurality of optionswith each option corresponding to a separate technique of creating ananalysis. A new analysis is generated upon the selection of a first ofthe options in operation 17704. Upon the selection of a second of theoptions, a previous analysis is edited in operation 17706. Also, uponthe selection of a third of the options, a bid proposal is integratedwith an integrated analysis in operation 17708.

[1780] In one aspect of the present invention, the selection may bereceived utilizing a network. In such an aspect, the network may includethe Internet. In another aspect, the analysis may be a least costanalysis. In a further aspect, the analysis may be capable of beingaccessed via a network-based interface.

Analysis Tab & Version Control

[1781]FIG. 178 illustrates a window 17800 displayed upon beginning ananalysis. The information displayed in the window includes:

[1782] Analysis Name: The name that identifies the analysis in thesystem.

[1783] Analysis ID: Unique identifier assigned by the system.

[1784] Buyer: The buyer responsible for this analysis.

[1785] Period of Agreement: The dates that cover the range of theanalysis. The dates are used to calculate usage estimates if requiredand ultimately to create the Cost Matrix.

[1786] Unit of Measure The units that pricing, plant capacities etc.,will be entered.

[1787]FIG. 179 depicts an option selection window 17900. Each of thefollowing options can be changed by analysis version:

[1788] Version Name: The name that uniquely identifies each run of theanalysis. Version Control is handled in more detail later in thissection.

[1789] . . . max # of FOBs . . . : By changing this option, either asingle source (One FOB per DC) or a multi-source problem is run.Everything other than “One FOB” is considered multi-source withavailable selections from two to five FOBs and unlimited.

[1790] . . . pricing method . . . : The present invention supports threetypes of pricing, FOB, FOB+Freight and Delivered. Each version can havea different pricing method. Pricing is covered in detail in the sectionentitled Pricing.

[1791] . . . Upcharge(Downcharge) . . . : Any adjustment positive ornegative that should be made to the Invoice FOB calculated by thesystem.

[1792] . . . RDC Truckload Validation . . . : Ignores the fact that thetotal usage on winning OPR lanes for an FOB may not be enough to warrantRDC routing.

[1793] Solution Strategy For very difficult problems,, the presentinvention provides an alternate strategy which a user can choose todetermine the least cost. Generally, for problems that are takingfifteen minutes or more, this strategy is recommended. It will arrive atthe same answer as the standard strategy but in a much shorter time.Since most of the solutions determined by the solver are returned inseconds the “Cuts” strategy would actually add unnecessary overhead forsimple problems.

[1794] When the analysis tab is selected, the version button 18000,shown in FIG. 180, is displayed on the toolbar. Unlimited versions of ananalysis can be created simply by pressing the button. FIG. 181illustrates a verification window 18100 that appears upon selection ofthe version button.

[1795] The name assigned to the new version should be representative ofthe variance being tested in order to easily differentiate betweenversions later. A discussion of the methods provided for completingversion comparisons is presented in the section entitled Solving andreviewing the Solution.

[1796] Items, FOB, DCs and Usage information are not considered to beversion dependent, and hence this information cannot be changed once asecond version of an Analysis has been created. However, a variety ofmethods of excluding this information from consideration betweenversions is provided by the present invention.

[1797]FIG. 182 is a flowchart of a process 18200 for analysis versioncontrol in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A plurality of separate versions ofan analysis are maintained in a database in operation 18202. A requestfor an additional version of the analysis is received utilizing agraphical user interface in operation 18204. In response to the request,the additional version of the analysis is generated in operation 18206.A plurality of parameters of the additional version are allowed to bechanged utilizing the graphical user interface in operation 18208. Theparameters that are allowed to be changed include: a maximum number ofsupplier sources, a pricing method, and/or an invoice adjustment.

[1798] In one aspect of the present invention, the additional version ofthe analysis may be named in accordance with a variance associated withthe additional version. In another aspect, the request may include theselection of an icon on the graphical user interface. In a furtheraspect, the analysis may be a least cost analysis. In an additionalaspect, the request may be received utilizing a network. In yet anotheraspect, the parameters of the additional version may be capable of beingchanged utilizing a plurality of fields on the graphical user interface.

Adding Items, FOBs and DCs

[1799] Although Items, FOBs and DCs are added on three separate tabs inthe Analysis, the methods used to include them are consistent. FIG. 183depicts a tab page 18300 for adding and removing FOBs from an analysis.

[1800] The left side of each tab is the search and selection area. Itfunctions in the same manner as the rest of the system, in that a searchstring is entered and a search button is selected, and similar names tothe search string will be retrieved. For example, in the case shown inFigure d53, all FOBs beginning with “DOP” would be retrieved.

[1801] These tabs are “Drag and Drop” enabled, allowing selection of anyof the matches found and by clicking on the relevant match and draggingit to the right, it is now included in the analysis. The buttons 18302between the search and selected areas can also move the selections,similar to the manner discussed above with reference to FIG. 183.Multi-select using CTRL+CLICK and double clicking on any Item to moveit, are also supported. It is important to note that in order to includeany of the elements in the analysis, they must have previously beenadded to the system.

[1802] The FOB selection tab retrieves all active and un-approved FOBsthat match the search criteria. Inactive elements will never appear as arelevant selection in any of the tabs.

[1803] Since the DCs are generally consistent between each analysis, acomplete list of all active DCs is retrieved by default and the userselects the relevant DCs or in most cases presses the button to movethem to the right.

[1804] As shown in FIG. 184, which illustrates a portion of the Item tabpage 18400. the Item tab has an additional editable column 18402 for theItem conversion factor.

[1805] Conv. Factor: If the analysis is using units other than cases,the present invention converts any input data to the relevant lowestcommon denominator. For example, if pounds are being used and there were36 lbs. of a product in a case, the conversion factor would be 36. Thedefault is always one (1), since the large majority of analyses will bein cases.

[1806] When leaving either of the tabs for the first time, the systempropagates the new elements to all dependent tabs. For example, if a newFOB is added, that implies new pricing, lanes, capacity etc. will alsobe added and the relevant tabs for each information group are updated.

[1807]FIG. 185 is a flowchart of a process 18500 for editing supplierinformation in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A graphical user interface isdisplayed that indicates a plurality of items in operation 18502. Theselection of one of the items is allowed utilizing the graphical userinterface in operation 18504. In response to the selection, a supplierassociated with the item is depicted in operation 18506. A plurality ofparameters of the supplier are also allowed to be changed in operation18508 utilizing the graphical user interface.

[1808] In one aspect of the present invention, the selected parametersmay include a case cube, cases per truckload, and/or a gross weight. Inanother aspect, the changes to the parameters may be updated in adatabase. In such an aspect, the changes to the parameters may beupdated utilizing a network. In one aspect, the network may include theInternet. Additionally, the changes to the parameters may be updated inresponse to the selection of an icon of the graphical user interface.

Item FOB Information

[1809]FIG. 186 illustrates a page 18600 that is displayed upon selectionof the Item/FOB tab. As part of the Bid proposal process, theinformation that has been entered for each Item FOB combination in thesystem is provided to the Suppliers for correction and/or additions. TheItem/FOB tab in the analysis is provided for entry of any changes thatthey may have made. Even if the analysis is not based on a Bid, some ofthe information on this tab is crucial to the solver process.

[1810] Case Cube: the actual case cube or volume. It is used in thecalculation of the per case two week cube on a lane (item cube×two weekusage), which is required both by the optimal product routing (OPR)process and in determining which lanes have potential for LTL or RDCshipments. A detailed explanation of OPR process is provided in thesection entitled Optimal Product Routing, below.

[1811] Cases per Truckload: All freight rates requested by the Bid aretruckload rates. Since the majority of analyses are performed in cases,cases per truckload may be used to determine the case freight.

[1812] Gross Weight: the actual gross case weight. It is used in thecalculation of the per pound two week usage on a lane (gross weight×twoweek usage), which is required both by the optimal product routing (OPR)process and in determining which lanes have potential for LTL or RDCshipments. A detailed explanation of OPR process is provided in thesection entitled Optimal Product Routing, below.

[1813] The remaining information is also important, however it is not afactor in determining a Least Cost solution. It is stored separatelyfrom the Item/FOB Cost information so that cases per truckload or caseweights can be used without effecting the data that is currentlyconsidered production.

[1814] At the point, the analysis has been completed and a version thatwill become the production model has been selected. The Cost informationis updated by selecting the Update button 18700 on the toolbar. See FIG.187.

[1815] Select the Update button and the present invention creates anyItem FOB combinations that do not exist in the Cost system and updateany existing combinations with the information the user may have enteredto complete the analysis.

[1816]FIG. 188 is a flowchart of a process 18800 for adding componentsin a supply chain management analysis in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. A query is entered in a search field of agraphical user interface for searching for a plurality of supply chaincomponents in operation 18802. Results of the search are listed in aresults field of the graphical user interface in operation 18804. Theresults are then selected from the results field for inclusion in asupply chain analysis in operation 18806.

[1817] In one aspect of the present invention, the selected supply chaincomponents may include supplier sites, distributor sites, and/or items.In another aspect, the results may be selected for inclusion in thesupply chain analysis utilizing icons. In such an aspect, the resultsmay also be selected one at a time for inclusion in the supply chainanalysis utilizing a first icon. The results may also be selected all atonce for inclusion in the supply chain analysis utilizing a second icon.In a further aspect, the supply chain components may include items whilethe graphical user interface includes a field for entry of a conversionfactor. In an additional aspect, the results may be selected forinclusion in the supply chain analysis utilizing a drag and dropfeature.

Capacity & Excluding FOBs

[1818] The system supports capacity constraints at two levels. Both FOBminimum requirements and capacities can be set. They can also be set atthe Supplier level.

[1819]FIG. 189 is an illustration of an exemplary analysis window 18900displayed upon selecting a Capacity tab. For example, in this analysis,two levels of capacity constraints have been added for Lamb-Weston Inc.As a Supplier, Lamb must get at least 200 million pounds of productindependent of any further requirement at the FOB level. Both the Pacso,Wash. and American Fall, Id. FOB points have minimum requirements of 90million and maximum capacities of 110 million. The remaining FOB inRichland, Wash. has essentially no minimum, but a 55 million capacity.Although the sum of the plant minimums is less than the Supplierminimum, the solver will allocate business to match the Supplierconstraint while still ensuring that each FOB constraint is matched.Naturally, the sum of the plant maximums cannot be less than a Supplierminimum.

[1820] As mentioned above, once a second version of an analysis has beencreated, it is not possible to remove Items, FOBs or DCs. However, aSupplier or individual FOB points can be excluded on the Capacity tab.

[1821]FIG. 190 illustrates another analysis window 19000. In thisexample, two of McCain Foods FOB points have been excluded from thisversion of the analysis. The solver will not be passed the FOB points orany related information such as lanes, pricing etc. If the “Include” hasbeen changed to “no” at the Supplier level, all the FOB points would beautomatically excluded.

[1822]FIG. 191 is a flowchart of a process 19100 for managing suppliersites in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A plurality of supplier sites aredisplayed utilizing a graphical user interface in operation 19102. Aminimum value and a maximum value of capacity levels associated with thesupplier sites are determined utilizing the graphical user interface inoperation 19104. The supplier sites are conditionally excluded from asupply chain analysis utilizing the graphical user interface inoperation 19106.

[1823] In one aspect of the present invention, terms of a contractassociated with the supplier sites may also be identified utilizing thegraphical user interface. In another aspect, the supplier sites may beconditionally excluded utilizing a toggle button. In a further aspect,the supplier sites may be conditionally excluded separately fordifferent versions. In an additional aspect, the minimum value and themaximum value of the capacity levels may be determined utilizing anetwork. In such an aspect, the minimum value and the maximum value ofthe capacity levels may also be determined utilizing TCP/IP protocol.

Pricing

[1824] On the analysis tab, the option of selecting the pricing methodbeing for this analysis version is presented. Depending on the selectionpreviously made, the Price tab will be used for FOB or FOB & Freightpricing or the Price Divd tab for delivered pricing. The presentinvention also provides the ability to factor volume pricing into theanalysis.

[1825]FIG. 192 is a depiction of an FOB pricing window 19200. In thesimplest of cases, a price (Contract FOB) will have been negotiated foreach Item and FOB combination in the analysis. Since the solver ispassed a basket (weighted average across all items in the analysis)price for each lane, no price field can be left blank. In the exampleshown in FIG. 192, bulk mayonnaise has a price of $8.42 from the HudsonIndustries Troy, Ala. plant and bulk tartar sauce is priced at $9.23.

[1826] Two forms of volume based pricing are supported in the Least Costsystem: Supplier volume and FOB volume. They are mutually exclusive inthat by version there can be only one type of pricing.

[1827]FIG. 193 depicts an illustrative FOB Volume Pricing screen 19300.In this example, American Food Service offers two volume pricingdiscounts at their FOB point. Any volume awarded to them from 0 to2,090,000 pounds has a price of $1.0026/pound. If they are awardedvolume between 2,090,000 and 2,508,000 that price drops for all volumeto $1.0016/pound. For any volume over 2,508,000 pounds the price dropsto $1.0010/pound. As the solver is deciding the optimal distributionmodel, if their FOB is awarded volume over any of the breakpoints itwill grab the lower price and keep solving until the least cost isdetermined. The new price applies to all volume awarded from that FOBpoint.

[1828] In many cases the Suppliers may not be as concerned about thevolume awarded to each individual FOB point as to the overall volumeawarded across all their FOB points.

[1829]FIG. 194 depicts a Supplier Volume Pricing window 19400. In thepricing scheme shown in FIG. 194, Ventura has negotiated a Suppliervolume pricing breakpoint. For any volume awarded between 0 and 999,999cases the price for bulk mayonnaise will be $8.94 and $9.51/case forbulk tartar from Chambersburg and $9.12 and $9.58/case from City ofIndustry. If the combined volume across both of their FOB points exceeds100,000 cases, the price drops to $8.84 and $9.41/case from Chambersburgand $9.02 and $9.48 from City of Industry. This price reduction isindependent of the allocation to either FOB point as long as the overallaward exceeds the Supplier volume breakpoint. The new price applies toall volume awarded.

[1830] It is also possible to have the new solver determine the LeastCost when the pricing is quoted on a delivered basis. Once a pricingmethod of “Delivered” is selected on the analysis tab the Price Dlvd tabis enabled. FIG. 195 shows a Delivered Pricing screen 19500.

[1831] Pricing is entered in the same manner as FOB pricing, and as inFOB pricing, the user must provide a price for all Items on a lane if atleast one price is entered. Lanes can be excluded simply by providing noprices for those lanes.

[1832]FIG. 196 is a flowchart of a process 19600 for pricing in a supplychain management framework in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. A selection of at least one of a plurality of typesof pricing schemes is received utilizing a graphical user interface inoperation 19602. Utilizing the graphical user interface, a plurality ofsupplier sites are then displayed in operation 19604. At least one of aplurality of pricing fields are depicted adjacent the supplier sitesbased on the selection utilizing the graphical user interface inoperation 19606.

[1833] In one aspect of the present invention, the received pricingschemes may include at least one of supplier site pricing, volumepricing, and/or delivered pricing. In another aspect, the receivedpricing schemes may include all of supplier site pricing, volumepricing, and delivered pricing. In a further aspect, pricing informationentered in the pricing fields may be utilized in a supply chainanalysis. In an additional aspect, the selection may be receivedutilizing a network. In even another aspect, the selection may bereceived utilizing an icon of the graphical user interface.

Distribution Center Usage

[1834] The Least Cost mechanism for estimating usage functions operatesin the same manner as in the Bid System. It is comprised of two tabs,the DC/Rest tab is used for estimating restaurant growth by DC, and theUsage tab to estimate same store or item growth. The values from thefirst tab are used in the Usage tab to determine the projected usage. Amore detailed explanation of the usage calculations is included in thesection entitled Usage Estimator, below.

[1835]FIG. 197 is a depiction of a Projected Restaurant Growth screen19700. The present invention provides the ability to estimate restaurantgrowth at two levels. First, by entering a percentage in the ‘TotalRest. Growth Amount’ 19702, the value will be copied and applied to allof the restaurant growth percentages at each DC. In the example shown inFIG. 197, 5.00% was entered and propagated to each DC. The default valuecan also be overridden and data entered directly for each individual DC.Several of the fields are described below.

[1836] Total Rest. Growth Amount Any value entered will be applieduniformly across all DCs in the current analysis.

[1837] Restaurant Growth % The user can override the overall amount ateach DC simply by entering an alternate estimate percentage.

[1838] Projected Avg. Rest. Count Based on the percentages entered, aprojected restaurant count is calculated. The user also has the abilityto enter values directly simply by entering an alternate value in therelevant cell. The projected restaurant will be carried over to the‘Usage’ tab and will affect the DC's projected usage.

[1839]FIG. 198 illustrates a Projected Usage Estimation screen 19800.Several fields of the screen are described below. The projected usagefor each DC is calculated based on projected restaurants served, dataretrieved from Coordinator Link data and DC/Item Growth (same storegrowth). This projected usage number will be used by the solver forcapacity information and also in output reports.

[1840] Item Growth % For each Item in the analysis, the user can enteran overall estimate for same store or item growth. As in the restaurantgrowth tab this value will be applied uniformly across all DCs.

[1841] Usage Period Contract period for this analysis. Used to calculatethe length of the contract in order to determine previous and projectedusage.

[1842] Previous Usage Previous Usage is the sales by cases reported tothe Supply Chain Coordinator by each DC through the system Link. Thesesales are based on a time period that is in conjunction with the ‘UsagePeriod’. This period is computed by taking the most recent date whichthe Supply Chain Coordinator has received data from all of the DCs andusing it as the usage end date. The usage begin date is then computed bygoing backwards for the length of the proposed contract. For example, inthe situation shown in FIG. 198, the length of the contract is 1 year.If the most recent date that all DC data had been received was Mar. 1,2001 then the previous usage period would be Apr. 4, 2000 to Mar. 1,2001. This would provide a previous usage for the most recent twelvemonth period in the system.

[1843] Projected Rest. Count The projected restaurant count is thenumber of restaurants that will be served by a DC for the period of theproposed contract. This number is copied from the DC/Rest tab.

[1844] Coverage Factor % The coverage factor percentage is a numberdevised to correctly calculate the DC's projected usage. Coverage Factoris the percent of total restaurants that this DC has served this productto over the past year. For example, if a DC serves 200 restaurants inone month but only sells this item to 100 of those restaurants then thecoverage factor would be 50%. If the item was sold to all 200restaurants then the coverage factor would be 100%.

[1845] Avg. # RM Average number of restaurant months. This figurerepresents the average number of units sold to a restaurant for thisitem for any given month. This average is a 12 month rolling averagecalculated based on the data reported to the Supply Chain Coordinator bythe DCs.

[1846] DC/Item Growth At the DC level, the user can override the overallgrowth % by entering an alternate value for the relevant DC.

[1847] Projected Usage The actual usage estimate for each Item/DCcombination. Initially the projected usage will be calculated based onthe following formula:

[1848] (Projected Rest. Count * Avg. # RM * Coverage Factor % * DC/ItemGrowth * Number of Months in Contract)

[1849] By editing the DC/Item Growth percentage (or overall Item Growth%), the projected usage can be manipulated to the desired level. Theuser can also directly edit the projected usage amount which will adjustthe DC/Item Growth amount accordingly. Usage estimates calculated by thesystem are always in cases; hence if the user is entering pricing,volume or capacity constraints in any other unit, these values should bemodified appropriately.

[1850] Note that the previous usage amount is not used in thecalculation of the projected usage amount. It is used as a guide only.In the example shown in FIG. 198, no overall Item growth percentage wasused, but chicken patty's were projected to grow by 4.00% at theAmeriserve in Omaha and 5.00% at the Ameriserve in Plymouth.

[1851]FIG. 199 is a flowchart of a process 19900 for projectingdistribution center usage in a supply chain management framework inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. A plurality ofsupply chain distributors are displayed utilizing a graphical userinterface in operation 19902. The entry of a growth value is allowed inoperation 19904 utilizing the graphical user interface so that aprojected parameter amount associated with the supply chain distributorscan then be calculated based on the growth value in operation 19906.

[1852] In one aspect of the present invention, the growth value mayinclude a restaurant growth percentage. As a further aspect, theprojected parameter amount may include a projected restaurant count. Inanother aspect, the growth value may include an item growth percentage.In a further aspect, the projected parameter amount may include aprojected item usage amount. In an additional aspect, the projectedparameter includes an editable default value.

Lane Restrictions

[1853] In the Least Cost system, the ability is provided to override anysolution that the solver determines and force certain lanes. Theoverrides can be established before the solver runs.

[1854] It also a good habit to run a least cost version without any lanerestrictions, so that an estimation of the relative cost of forcing orexcluding lanes can be readily determined.

[1855]FIG. 200 illustrates an Excluding Lanes screen 20000 displayedupon selection of a Lane Restrict tab. In an earlier section, adescription of excluding Suppliers and/or FOB points using the “Include”indicator was set forth. This is related to the Lane Restrict tab inthat if an FOB point is excluded from an analysis version, the lanes areautomatically excluded from that FOB point to each DC. In the exampleshown in FIG. 200, Cavendish Farms was excluded; hence all lanes fromthat FOB are marked as excluded. The solver will never receive theselanes as potential choices when determining the least cost. It is alsopossible to exclude individual lanes from this tab. However, the usercannot include a lane if the FOB point has been excluded on the Capacitytab.

[1856] It may also be necessary to ensure that certain lanes are forcedregardless of whether the lane assignment will prevent the least costfrom begin achieved. FIG. 201 is a depiction of a Forcing Lanes window20100.

[1857] In this example, the “Required” option has been selected for thelane from J. R. Simplots Hermiston FOB to Post Albuquerque. The solverwill allocate this lane prior to beginning its optimizationcalculations, hence ensuring that the remaining lane allocations willstill minimize the total cost given the lane requirement.

[1858] In a multi-source problem, lanes can still be forced, althoughwithout adjusting the supporting input the FOB may also receive anotherDC. For example, if a user wishes a lane to be forced but not allow therelevant FOB to get another DC, the user can simply make the FOB'smaximum the DC's usage.

[1859] If the product is being single sourced (1 FOB: 1 DC), a lanecannot be forced twice. For example if a user attempted to also forcethe Lamb FOB to Post Albuquerque, the message screen 20200 shown in FIG.202 would get the following message.

[1860] The third Lane Restriction option is marked as Solver in theprevious example, and simply means that the lane is available to thesolver as a potential lane in the least cost solution.

[1861] The Honor TL Rate boxes 20002 (FIG. 200) are used to specifywhether or not the Supplier will Honor Truckload (TL) rates forshipments that are not a Full Truckload. See the section below entitledOptimal Product Routing.

[1862]FIG. 203 is a flowchart of a process 20300 for restricting lanesin a supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. A plurality of distribution centers of asupply chain are displayed utilizing a graphical user interface inoperation 20302. A lane restriction of each of the distribution centersis then designated utilizing the graphical user interface in operation20304. The distribution centers are then conditionally involved in asupply chain analysis based on the designation in operation 20306.

[1863] In one aspect of the present invention, it may be determinedwhether a supplier site has been excluded from the supply chain analysisso that the lane is involved in the supply chain analysis based on thedetermination. In another aspect, the lane may be allocated prior to thesupply chain analysis upon the lane restriction of the distributioncenters being designated as required. In a further aspect, the lane maybe excluded during the supply chain analysis upon the lane restrictionof the distribution centers being designated as excluded. In eventanother aspect, the lane may be included during the supply chainanalysis upon the lane restriction of the distribution centers beingdesignated as to be solved. In an additional aspect, the designation maybe received utilizing a network.

Freight

[1864] Freight quotes in the least cost system can either be Truckloador LTL.

[1865]FIG. 204 is an illustration of a Truckload Freight window 20400displayed upon selection of a TL Freight tab. For each DC and FOB in theanalysis, an input area 20402 is provided for the Truckload Freightamount. Freight is assumed to be consistent across all items in theanalysis. Prior to the solver run, the TL freight amount is converted toa case and/or unit freight rate using the Item/FOB tab cases pertruckload, and the Item tab conversion factor. If the usage estimatesentered suggest that an RDC rate may be applicable on any of the lanes,a lane from the FOB is automatically added to the relevant RDC to thistab.

[1866] Lane Distance: This amount is used in estimating freightcompetitiveness between the Supplier quote and internal estimates. Thepresent invention automatically populates this column from the SupplySystem.

[1867] Note that omitting a rate for a lane has the same effect asexcluding the lane.

[1868]FIG. 205 illustrates an LTL Freight page 20500. The Bid systemautomatically generates an LTL worksheet if it determines that certainlanes have the potential to order LTL. Based on the Usage estimatesentered or calculated by the system and the gross weight or cube percase entered on the Item/FOB tab, an identification is made as to whichlanes have the potential to order LTL and lanes on the LTL Freight Tabare automatically populated.

[1869] In the example shown in FIG. 205, O.K. Foods has quoted LTL ratesfrom their Fort Smith FOB to ProSource Atlanta and Burlington. Allquotes are in $CWT (hundred weight), hence the Atlanta rate is $165($1.10 * 150) and the Burlington rate is $400 (The LTL minimum of $400is not satisfied by the quoted rate of $180 (150 * 1.2)). The OptimalProduct Routing (OPR) process will determine which rate to use based onits estimates of two week usage and compare the basket cost with both TLand RDC rates to determine the optimal routing. The entire OPR isdiscussed in detail in the section below entitled Optimal ProductRouting.

[1870] Preferably, as projected usage estimates are adjusted on theUsage tab, rows will be added and deleted to this tab when relevant.

[1871]FIG. 206 is a flowchart of a process 20600 for managing freight ina supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. A graphical user interface is utilized to displaya plurality of distribution centers of a supply chain in operation20602. Next, in operation 20604, a truckload freight value is receivedin an input field of the graphical user interface. The truckload freightvalue is converted in operation 20606 so that a supply chain analysiscan then be performed using the converted truckload freight value inoperation 20608.

[1872] In one aspect of the present invention, a suggested value may bedisplayed in an output field. In an additional aspect, the suggestedvalue may be received from a supply chain manager utilizing a network.In another aspect, the truckload freight value may be converted to acase value. In a further aspect, the truckload freight value may beconverted to a freight rate value. In an additional aspect, thetruckload freight value may be received utilizing a network.

Regional Restrictions

[1873]FIG. 207 depicts a restriction window 20700. The present inventionprovides the ability to force DCs in a region to be awarded the same FOBpoint. In the example shown in FIG. 207, a region is established tocombine McCabe's DC in Portland and Restaurants North West D.C. inAlaska. By selecting the Force FOB option to “Yes”, the solver willensure that both DCs receive the same FOB point.

[1874]FIG. 208 is a flowchart of a process 20800 for imposing regionalrestrictions in a supply chain management framework in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. A plurality of distributioncenters of a supply chain are displayed utilizing a graphical userinterface in operation 20802. A free on board (FOB) point associatedwith a region in which the distribution centers reside is identified inoperation 20804. The distribution centers are then forced to use the FOBin response to a user action utilizing the graphical user interface inoperation 20806.

[1875] In one aspect of the present invention, the user action includesthe selection of an icon. In another aspect, the region may beuser-defined. In a further aspect, a site role of each of thedistribution centers may also be displayed utilizing the graphical userinterface. In even another aspect, the graphical user interface may bedisplayed utilizing a network. In an additional aspect, the graphicaluser interface may be a browser-based interface.

Optimal Product Routing

[1876] One of the major features in the least cost system is the OptimalProduct Routing (OPR) feature. Because the present invention can factorTruckload, RDC and LTL lanes into the least cost analysis, the OPRengine will automatically determine the optimal routing prior to passingthe data to the solver. OPR is automatically run prior to running thesolver, but can also be run at any time using the Routing button 20900on the toolbar. The Routing button is shown in FIG. 209.

[1877] Optimal Product Routing is the process of determining for eachlane in an analysis, the lowest cost routing (Full Truckload [TL], LTL,RDC) for the Market Basket of Product. The capability is built directlyinto the Least Cost system.

[1878] OPR processing includes determining two-week usage as well asdetermining available routing information.

[1879] Regarding two-week usage, the weight and cube of product shippedduring a two-week period determines the possible routing types. Laneswith either a two-week weight of more than the amount specified in theanalysis (typically 43,500 lbs.), and a two-week cube of more than 3,000Cubic Feet will only travel TL. Those with less (non-truckload) may alsotravel LTL, and in the case of Dry product, may also travel RDC.Two-week weight usage is determined for all lanes included in thecurrent version of the analysis.

[1880] When determining available routing information, OPR finds the TL,LTL, and RDC information available for each lane and identifiesincomplete or missing Freight information. It is important to gatherfreight quotes on all applicable routing types. For example, a Suppliermay only quote an LTL or RDC freight for a non-truckload lane, yet dueto the nature of the load it may cost less to ship the product with astandard truckload rate.

[1881] OPR operates under the following assumptions:

[1882] Truckload There must be a TL freight amount. Even if available,LTL and RDC rates are not considered.

[1883] Non-Truckload Any TL or acceptable LTL routing freight amountwill suffice, yet quotes for all routing types are strongly recommended.

[1884] Honor Truckload (TL) Rate For lanes that are not a FullTruckload, it is important to distinguish whether or not the Supplierwill Honor Truckload (TL) rates. This is specified for each lane in theLane Restrictions tab.

[1885] Consider a lane which costs $1,000 to ship for a product whichnormally has 1,000 Cases per Truckload. Please refer to Table 29, below.If usage warranted a Full Truckload, the freight per case would be $1(#1)

[1886] Now assume that the two-week usage for this lane is only 500cases. The $1,000 Supplier quote may imply either of the following:

[1887] Example #2. The $1,000 rate is the price to ship the lane,whether it is 5 or 500 cases ($1,000/500=$2 per case).

[1888] Example #3. Since the Supplier ships other products to the DC(e.g. other BKC products, products from, other concepts) he assumes thatall of his trucks will ship full. The Supplier therefore Honors the TLrates, and even though the two-week usage is only 500 cases, charges aper case freight as if the usage warranted a Full Truckload($1,000/1,000=$1 per case). In this case, it may be useful to chooseHonor TL rates on the Lane Restrictions tab of the Least Cost system.TABLE 29 Truck CS/ 2-week Freight/ # Type Frt Truck Usage CaseExplanation 1 TL $1,000 1,000 1,000 $1.00 Frt/CS per Truck 2 TLMIN$1,000 1,000   500 $2.00 Frt/Usage 3 HonorTL $1,000 1,000   500 $1.00Frt/CS per Truck

[1889] The status of Lane Freight information can be either Complete,Incomplete, or Optional:

[1890] Complete All relevant Freight information is available. OPR cancontinue.

[1891] Truckload shipments with Truckload rates

[1892] Non-Truckload, Dry shipments with TL, valid LTL, and RDC rates

[1893] Non-Truckload, Refrigerated shipments with TL and LTL rates

[1894] Incomplete Mandatory Freight information is missing. OPR cannotcontinue.

[1895] Non-Truckload shipments with only an LTL Minimum rate provided(e.g. an LTL Minimum is provided, without specific weight class rates)

[1896] Non-Truckload shipments with LTL rates provided without anappropriate LTL Minimum

[1897] Non-Truckload shipments with LTL rates provided only for higherweight classes (e.g. A Supplier only provides a 10,001-20,000 lbs. ratefor a lane with a 5,000 lb. Usage. This weight will never be satisfied.)

[1898] Optional Requested (not mandatory) Freight info is missing. OPRcan continue.

[1899] Non-Truckload shipments with some, but not all of the applicablequotes (e.g. Dry shipments consider RDC rates, Refrigerated/Frozen donot)

[1900] Non-Truckload shipments with LTL rates provided for weightclasses below the appropriate usage (e.g. A Supplier only provides a10,001-20,000 LBS. rate for a lane with a 22,000 lb. usage.)

[1901] In order to ensure the lowest pricing, Logistics recommendsrequesting all relevant freight information from Suppliers. OPR will notcontinue if any lanes are Incomplete. OPR can, however, at user request,continue even though the status of certain lanes are Optional. Realizehowever, that not requesting freight quotes on all applicable routingtypes may actually inadvertently place a Supplier at a competitivedisadvantage. The Supply Chain Coordinator may award business based onLanded Cost, which includes freight. Performing a Least Cost analysiswith missing freight information may yield inappropriate lane awards.

[1902] This information is available on the ‘Solution Tab’ of the LeastCost analysis under ‘Optimal Product Routing Reports’. More informationon these reports can be found in the following section.

[1903] The Least Cost system operates on a Market Basket concept fordetermining per case/unit and total shipment cost for all routings. Itconsiders all Items shipping on a particular lane in the relevant Unit(Case, Pound, Ounces) on which the analysis is based. For all routingtypes provided, OPR determines the Total Shipment amount for the entireusage specified, and the Unit Shipment amount required to ship a Unit ofproduct.

[1904] Shipment Cost is calculated as follows:

[1905] TL Product is shipped based on a Full Truckload freight quote.The Unit Shipment Cost is the Full Truckload cost/Units Per Truckload.

[1906] TLMIN For shipments smaller than a Full Truckload, it may provemore cost effective to ship the Product via the quoted TL rate. Thisrouting is referred to as a Truckload Min, whereby the shipment has a TLquoted freight with a Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) specified. The UnitShipment Cost is the Full Truckload cost/Usage, except in the case ofHonor TL Rate, where it is the Full Truckload Cost/Units Per Truckload.

[1907] LTL Product is shipped via an LTL carrier, that specializes inpartial shipments. The shipment cost is based on a price per hundredweight, and possibly an overall minimum amount for the entire shipment.An LTL Minimum must be provided along with any LTL information. The UnitShipment Cost is the Total LTL Shipment Cost/Usage.

[1908] RDC For Dry Products only (excluding Alaska and Hawaii RDC's),the Product is shipped via the appropriate Re-Distribution Center(Prosource or Chicago Consolidated RDC). Unit Shipment cost includesInbound freight to the appropriate RDC, the RDC markup, and Outboundfreight to the DC. When a product is shipped RDC, all shipment amountsassume Full Truckloads.

[1909] Optimal Product Routing takes into account all of the availablefreight routing information and determines the lowest cost method ofshipping the Market Basket of product for each lane. In the event ofmultiple routing types having identical shipment costs, OPR is decidedin the following order of preference: TL, TLMIN, LTL, and RDC (Dryshipments only).

[1910] Winning routing types are chosen on a lane-by-lane basis. Whenconsidering all lanes, however, this may not always be feasible. Certainlanes may be considered an RDC Override, and Optimal Product Routingwill determine the best routing excluding the RDC rates for these lanes.Presented below are two examples of this:

[1911] Insufficient Usage—This occurs when the total usage is notsufficient to warrant a Full Truckload from the FOB to the respectiveRDC. For example, assume that OPR determined that FOB1 shall service DC1and DC2 via the RDC, each with a respective usage weight of 10,000 lbs.The total usage from FOB1 to the RDC (20,000) is not sufficient to filla truck.

[1912] Infeasible Coverage—This occurs when based on the winning loadtypes for each lane a situation exists in which not all DC's can beserviced regardless of which FOB wins the RDC. This scenario is due to arule that only one FOB can service an RDC for a particular product. Forexample, consider the following example in which two FOB's each bid onseparate Prosource DC's. TABLE 30 FOB LOAD TYPE DC 1 DC 2 DC 3 DC 4 FOB1 RDC Yes Yes FOB 2 RDC Yes Yes

[1913] Note that the above is not feasible. There is no FOB that canservice all of the DC's via the Prosource RDC. TABLE 31 FOB LOAD TYPE DC1 DC 2 DC 3 DC 4 FOB 1 RDC Yes Yes FOB 2 RDC Yes Yes FOB 3 LTL Yes Yes

[1914] In this example, however, it is feasible for FOB 2 to win theRDC, with DC 1 and DC 2 being serviced by FOB 3.

[1915] As with the Least Cost Analysis, OPR is calculated on a per Unitbasis. As a last step, OPR populates a case freight table which is usedto create Cost Matrices once an analysis is complete. All of thisinformation is kept in the system for enhanced analysis by the Logisticsdepartment.

[1916]FIG. 210 illustrates a Report Selection window 21000. Several ofthe reports that can be selected are set forth below.

[1917] Freight Information Provided: At a Market Basket Level, containsLane Freight Status, 2-week totals (Cases, Weight, Cube) and FreightProvided information for each lane.

[1918] LTL Routing Grid By Lane: Displays all LTL information providedwith shading to identify missing rates.

[1919] Routing Results by Lane: At a Market Basket Level, containsTruckload and Unit Shipment amounts for each of the Load Types provided(TL, LTL, RDC), along with an indication of the Load Types chosen as theOptimal Product Routing winner.

[1920] Routing Results by Lane, Item: At an actual Item level, containsTruckload and Unit Shipment amounts for the Load Types chosen for itslowest cost. This Shipment information is used to create Cost Matrices.

[1921] Routing Results w/RDC Breakout by Lane: A breakout of the RDCinformation provided in the Routing Results by Lane, detailing theInbound, Markup, and Outbound freight amounts.

[1922] Routing Results w/RDC Breakout by Lane, Item: A breakout of theRDC information provided in the Routing Results by Lane, Item, detailingthe Inbound, Markup, and Outbound freight amounts.

[1923] TL Freight Variance Analysis: Compares Truckload Freight ratesagainst Freight Per Mile benchmarks.

[1924] TL Freight Variance Analysis, by Case: Compares Truckload Freightrates against predetermined Freight Per Mile benchmarks at a CaseFreight level.

[1925]FIG. 211 is a flowchart of a process 21100 for product routing ina supply chain management framework in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. A plurality of lanes of a supply chain areidentified in operation 21102. Next, a lowest cost routing scheme isdetermined for each of the lanes in operation 21104. A supply chainanalysis is then performed using the lowest cost routing scheme inoperation 21106.

[1926] In one aspect of the present invention, the lowest cost routingscheme may be selected from a group of schemes that includesless-than-truckload carriers (LTL), regional distribution centers (RDC),and full truckloads (FL). In another aspect, the lowest cost routingscheme may be determined automatically prior to performing the supplychain analysis. In a further aspect, a report reflecting the supplychain analysis may also be outputted. In an additional aspect, the lanesmay be identified utilizing a network. In yet another aspect, results ofthe supply chain analysis may be outputted utilizing a browser-basedinterface.

Solving and Reviewing the Solution

[1927] Once all the required information has been entered, the problemcan be solved from any of the tabs by selecting the Solve button 21200,shown in FIG. 212. The processing time will vary depending on thecomplexity of the problem and the quantity of the data that is beingpassed to the solver.

[1928] It will pass through the following phases:

[1929] Solver Validation: Incomplete analysis data can be saved, but itis not valid to pass that information to the solver. For example, ananalysis can be saved without filling in all the pricing, the solvercannot run until it is complete.

[1930] Feasibility Check: A preliminary check is run to ensure that theproblem definition attempted to be solved is feasible. Infeasiblescenarios would include, say, a lane requirement with no relevantfreight quote, or Supplier minimums greater then the sum of theSupplier's FOB maximums. A list of exemplary checks are as follows.

[1931] Sum of FOB max<Supplier min

[1932] Sum of FOB min>Supplier max

[1933] DC has Usage but no Freight (e.g. no Freight quote or all LanesExcluded)

[1934] Total Usage>Total Supplier max

[1935] Total Usage>Total FOB max

[1936] Required Lanes, No Freight

[1937] Required Lanes, insufficient Supplier capacity

[1938] Required Lanes, insufficient FOB capacity

[1939] Valid Lanes, insufficient Usage for Supplier min capacity

[1940] Valid Lanes, insufficient Usage for FOB min capacity

[1941] DC Usage>Any FOB max

[1942] Lane without facility

[1943] Optimal Product Routing: First, a determination is made as towhether there is a need to run OPR or not, and if there is the processwill run.

[1944] Weighted Delivered: The weighted average delivered cost for thebasket of products for each lane is calculated. If applicable theoptimal freight is included from the OPR process.

[1945] Check Solver Availability: Whether licensing allows one or moreconcurrent users

[1946] Run the Solver: Invoke the solver engine

[1947] Insert Results: Grab the results from the solver and update theSupply System.

[1948]FIG. 213 illustrates the Report Selection window 21300 whichallows selection of the report type. The Report Type menu d7402 listsassociated reports.

[1949] The report generator for the least cost system operates in thesame manner as the report generator in the ‘Utilities’ menu of theSupply System.

[1950] The Least Cost system has several reports available to analyzeand view the solution generated by the solver. These reports fall underthe following categories.

[1951] Awarded Volume: Awarded Volume reports are used to show eachFOB/DC combination and it's awarded volumes. These reports can be usedfor specific items or the market basket. FIG. 214 illustrates a ReportName drop down list 21400 of related reports.

[1952] Awarded Volume by Item—Detail Solver solution with a breakout ofeach lane awarded, the Invoice FOB (and relevant contract FOB), freightand estimated sales.

[1953] Awarded Volume by Item—Freight Solver solution with a breakout ofthe freight costs on each lane, as well as the period and annualizedfreight totals.

[1954] Awarded Volume by Item—Summary Solver solution with Supplier andFOB summary totals only.

[1955] Competing DC Freight Analysis by Item A freight analysis betweena series of pre-defined “competitive” DCs based on the latest finalizedCost Matrix and the selected version.

[1956] Lane Assignment Matrix A lane assignment grid to quickly reviewthe solver solution, FOB capacity constraints and the Contract FOB used.

[1957] Lane Weighted Average Delivered Cost A complete lane griddetailing the delivered costs on each lane. For FOBs with volumepricing, the delivered costs are based on the awarded volume to each FOBpoint.

[1958] Comparison Reports: The comparison reports enable a user tocompare different versions of an analysis against each other or againstthe latest finalized cost matrix by item. FIG. 215 illustrates a ReportName drop down list 21500 listing related reports.

[1959] Assigned Volume Percentages A FOB comparison of awards and awardpercentages of overall volume.

[1960] Invoice FOB Detail Comparison A DC comparison of invoice price,freight, delivered costs and routing. It also shows weighted average andsummary totals.

[1961] Invoice FOB Savings Comparison An overall comparison of invoiceprice, weighted average freight and delivered costs and summary totals.When compared with a Cost Matrix it will calculate the savings estimatebetween the matrix and the versions selected.

[1962] Cost Matrix Preview: The cost matrix preview report enables theuser to preview the cost matrix that would be created from the selectedanalysis version, before it is actually created in the Supply System.Running this report will show the user all of the DC/FOB combinationsand the costs associated with them. The user can also preview the costmatrices from the “Cost” toolbar option.

[1963] Optimal Product Routing: OPR reports are used to view the resultsof the OPR processing. Here the user can check information entered andalso the information that OPR has generated. Reports include an OPR byitem and OPR by lane report. For a full explanation of the OPR reports,see the earlier section entitled Optimal Product Routing.

[1964] Tab Reports: The tab reports will generate reports designed forspecific tabs. Here the user can also generate a report for each tabwithin the least cost analysis. Use this option to view a report of allinformation for an analysis.

[1965] Note that data on individual tabs can be printed using the printoption on the toolbar for that specific tab.

[1966] The present invention also allows a user to retrieve ComparisonReports. The example below will retrieve the ‘Invoice FOB ComparisonReport (no conversion)’. Note that the term “conversion” refers towhether the report should show the price information in the analysisunits (ex: pounds, pours) or convert the price information to cases. Ifthe analysis was performed in cases, then with and without conversionwill be the same.

[1967] First, the ‘Comparison Reports’ report type is selected from theReport Type drop down list. After selecting the Comparison Reportsreport type the Report Name should appear as shown in the ReportSelection window 21000 of FIG. 216. Next, the report is selected fromthe Report name drop down. In this example, ‘Invoice FOB DetailComparison (no conversion)’ is selected from the report name drop downlist 21700. See FIG. 217.

[1968] Upon selection of the report name, the appropriate parameterentry fields 21800, shown in FIG. 218, are enabled in the lower portionof the screen. As shown in FIG. 218, this report allows selection of anitem, multiple versions of the current analysis (using CTRL+Click), andwhether to include the latest finalized cost matrix for the current itemin the comparison.

[1969] In the example above, for HASH BROWNS, the solution for twoversions and the latest finalized cost matrix will be compared.

[1970] After the correct parameters have been chosen, the report can beprepared for output to the user. Clicking on the ‘Retrieve’ button 21900on the toolbar will retrieve this report and open a window so the usercan view or print the data. A Retrieve button is shown in FIG. 219.

[1971] The process is the same for any report a user wishes to view. Theonly difference is the parameters that can be selected.

[1972]FIG. 220 is a flowchart of a process 22000 for comparisonreporting in a supply chain management framework in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. A plurality of supply chainanalyses are selected in operation 22002. Results of the selected supplychain analyses are located in operation 22004. The results of the supplychain analyses are then compared in operation 22006 and a report on thecomparison is generated in operation 22008.

[1973] In one aspect, each of the supply chain analyses may include aseparate version of a single supply chain analysis. In another aspect,the results may include cost information. In a further aspect, thesupply chain analyses may be selected utilizing a network. In such anaspect, the supply chain analyses may be selected utilizing TCP/IPprotocol.

Creating the Cost Matrices

[1974] Since the solver input, routing and solutions are already storedin the system, to generate cost matrices, the user simply has toidentify the version from which he or she wishes to create the matricesand select the Cost button 22100 on the toolbar. FIG. 221 illustrates aCost button.

[1975]FIG. 222 is a depiction of a Cost Matrix Creation window 22200displayed upon selection of the Cost button. The present inventionprovides two options at this point: the matrices can be created, or apreview of them can be generated and output before creation.

[1976] Preview button: allows the user to preview the exact informationthat will be inserted if a decision is made to create the matrices.

[1977] Create Cost button: creates all Cost matrices based on thesolution for the current version.

[1978] If the system detects any matrices in the system which cause aconflict, a list of those matrices is output. Preferably, the user canonly overwrite an existing matrix if the dates are the same as in theanalysis and the existing matrix has not been finalized. The matrix thatis created by the least cost system can be edited as normal and iscreated un-finalized.

[1979] The present invention automatically generates both inbound andoutbound RDC lanes to ProSource and Chicago Consolidated when the userinputs a command to create or preview the cost matrices.

[1980] In a preferred embodiment, the solver is designed to restricteach RDC to have only one FOB point. Hence the cost matrix will generateone inbound lane to either RDC and automatically populate the outboundlanes with the relevant Contract and Invoice FOB based on the landedcost to the RDC plus markup and the relevant outbound freight.

[1981] If volume pricing is used, the sum of the awards across all RDClanes that the solver selects can be used to determine the relevantprice.

Usage Estimator

[1982] The Bid Proposal and Least Cost systems both have a UsageEstimator module which provides a sophisticated mechanism for projectingproduct case usage by DC for a particular period. The Usage Estimatortakes into account for each DC the following:

[1983] Projected Average Restaurant Count

[1984] Previous Usage (Average Units sold per Restaurant)

[1985] Product Growth

[1986] Coverage Factor

[1987] The Usage Estimator is made up of two pieces, DC/RestaurantInformation (DC/Rest) and Usage information (Usage). In order todetermine the projected product case usage, the system must firstcalculate the Projected Average Restaurant Count, so the DC/Restaurantportion of the Usage Estimator will be discussed first.

[1988] Regarding the DC/Restaurant Information, a Current RestaurantCount is provided monthly by the DC's in the form of DistributorReported Landed Cost. This information, verified by Finance forPatronage Dividend purposes, provides an accurate monthly snapshot ofRestaurant counts by DC. The Usage Estimator uses the most current monthof information available for each DC.

[1989] Also provided with the DC/Restaurant Information is a RestaurantGrowth Percent (Average) report which specifies the overall averageincrease/decrease in restaurant coverage that each DC will experiencefor the length of the Contract Period in question. Consider thefollowing example: A DC currently services 100 Restaurants. At the endof the 1-year pricing, the DC will be servicing 110 Restaurants. TheProjected Average Restaurant Count would be (110-100)/2 105. TheRestaurant Growth Percent in this case is (105-100)/100, or 5%.

[1990] The Usage Information provided includes Previous Case Usage. Thisincludes the actual number of cases sold by this DC during the previousperiod. Each month, the Supply Chain Coordinator receives Product Salesstatistics from each of the DC's. This information contains case salesof each Distributor's Item, along with the number of Restaurants thatproduct was sold to during the month. The Previous Case Usage numberitself is not used directly to calculate Projected Usage, as it wouldnot allow manipulation of DC Served information. This information isavailable under Sales/Inv—Distributor Sales from within the SupplySystem.

[1991] Previous Period usage information is determined by the latestinformation available from the DC's. For example, assume that onDecember 1, a Bid for a Contract Period from January to June will becompleted. At this point, the system would have probably only receivedcomplete DC information through October. Since the Contract Period is 6months, the Previous Case Usage would report usage for the latest6-month period of DC Sales information (May thru October). This isconsidered the Previous Period.

[1992] The Average Units sold per Restaurant Month includes the averagenumber of cases per month of product sold by a DC to the Restaurants itservices, for those restaurants that receive product during the month.Remember, not all Restaurants will receive each product during eachmonth. This figure, unlike the Previous Period information, is based onthe latest complete 12-month rolling average of DC Sales information.

[1993] A Projected Average Restaurant Count is calculated by multiplyingthe Current Restaurant Count by the Average Restaurant Growth Percent.This number is manipulated on the DC/Rest tab.

[1994] A Product Growth Percent can also be calculated. The UsageEstimator allows the user to effect Projected Usage via a Product GrowthPercent. For example, BKC may estimate a 5% jump in sales for aparticular product during the length of the Contract Period due tonational promotions, product mix changes, etc.

[1995] The Usage Estimator takes into account the fact that a particularItem is not necessarily sold to all Restaurants that a DC services. Someitems are purchaser's options, others such as sausage patties, come indifferent sizes. Even an Item such as the Whopper will not be sold to100% of a DC's Restaurants each month due to mid-month store openingsand closings. Coverage Factor is calculated by dividing the number ofRestaurants a Product was sold to by Restaurant Count during thatPeriod. For example, if a DC Services 100 Restaurants during a month andsold SAUSAGE 1.5 PATTIES to 50 of them, this Item would have a CoverageFactor of 50/100 or 50%. Because of the difficulty of collecting eachInvoice a Restaurant receives, the DC's provide a monthly report of thenumber of cases sold and the number of Restaurants the product was soldto.

[1996] To illustrate, consider the following: TABLE 32 RestaurantsServed Product Sales Per Restaurant A B C D F G H Coverage Current RestProj. Avg Avg E Proj Avg Number Proj. Units I Projected Rest Growth RestCount Units Product Units/ of Per Rest Coverage Usage Count (Average)(A * B) Per Month Growth Month Months (F * G) Factor (C * H * I) 100 10%110 150 10% 165 12 1,980 95% 206,910

[1997] Remember, Projected Usage is comprised of the following:

[1998] Projected Average Restaurant Count

[1999] Projected Average Units

[2000] (Previous Usage [Average Units sold per Restaurant] * ProductGrowth)

[2001] Coverage Factor

[2002] Realize that zero growth will still give a higher ProjectedUsage. It's important to remember that the Previous usage is based on achanging Restaurant base. For example, assume that a DC last yearstarted with 100 Restaurants and ended up with 110, and that the AverageUnits Per Month was 10. This DC would have sold an average of 1050 unitsper month (the Average Restaurant Count is 105). Notice that even if noRestaurant or Sales growth occurs the next year, the Projected Usagewill be higher than 1050, because of the fact that there are 110Restaurants at the start (110 * 10=1100).

[2003] The process of estimating usage is user-friendly, providing DClevel information, with user-input adjustments for Restaurant andProduct Growth.

[2004] Landed Cost/Restaurant Count information includes:

[2005] Case Sales by Distributor/DC

[2006] Landed Cost by Distributor/DC

[2007] Restaurant Counts by Distributor/DC

[2008] Product Counts by Distributor/DC

[2009] Average Landed Cost Per Case

[2010] Average Cases Per Restaurant

[2011] Average Landed Cost Per Restaurant

[2012] Sales reported for Items not in the Product File

[2013] Inventory reported for Items not in the Product File

[2014] Percentage Growth by DC—Product Sales

[2015] Percentage Growth by DC—Landed Cost

[2016] Percentage Growth by DC—Restaurant Base

[2017] Percentage Growth—Product Count

[2018] Percentage Growth by DC—Product Count

[2019] Each Distributor references a system Item by it's own DistributorItem and Distributor Item Description. For example, a Whopper can bereferred to as “BEEF-WHOPPER 4.0 OZ”, while another company calls it“WHOPPER”, and a third company calls it “WHOPPER CS/144EA”.Cross-referencing, or matching system items with each of theDistributors', is what allows a user to view inventory or sales for theWhopper without knowing the Distributor's naming conventions.

[2020] In some cases, a Distributor may have more than one Item (SKU)for a particular system Item. A slight packaging change may cause theDistributor to create 2 SKU's for what could otherwise be considered onesystem Item.

[2021] For example, a DC that services 100 Restaurants changes SKU'smid-month and reports selling 1000 cases of the first SKU to half of itsRestaurants, and 1000 cases of the second SKU to the other half. AverageUnits sold per Restaurant Month in this case, would be the number ofItems sold (2000) divided by the Restaurant Count (100), or 20.

[2022] A Distributor may not always change an SKU. They may considerCUP-PROMO a catch all even though there is a separate Item for each CUPpromotion.

[2023] Each time the Usage Estimator is used, the following should beverified:

[2024] Appropriate DC's are accounted for in Previous Case Usage

[2025] DC Items appear to be properly Cross-Referenced

[2026] Reasonableness of DC Sales Monthly Detail information for thisItem (Sales/lnv—Direct to Restaurant)

[2027] Previous Case Usage and Average Units sold per Restaurant arereasonable and consistent

[2028] DC Sales information coincides with Supplier Sales for the Item(taking timing and DC inventory into account).

Beef Formula Pricing System Example

[2029] The Formula Pricing System of the present invention allows quickand easy calculation of the weekly meat block cost for all suppliers.

[2030] A new Formula Pricing can be created in either of two ways. Thefirst one is to build a Formula Pricing from scratch. The second methoduses the “New Using Previous” feature, which will create an entire copyof a previous Formula Pricing and allow a user to make the necessarymodifications.

[2031]FIG. 223 illustrates the Formula Pricing submenu 22300 of theSupply drop down menu. To create a new Formula Pricing, select Edit/Viewto open an existing Formula Pricing or create a new one. After selectingthe Edit/View menu option, the standard query screen is displayed.Select New.

[2032] To use the New Using Previous feature, select New (UsingPrevious) from the Formula Pricing submenu to copy an existing FormulaPricing into a new one. A complete copy of a previous Formula Pricingcan be made by selecting this option.

[2033]FIG. 224 illustrates a Formula Pricing window 22400. As shown inFIG. 224, the Formula Pricing window is made up of several differenttabs. The labels identify these tabs across the top of the window.Examples of these tabs are ‘Pricing’, ‘Formulas’ and ‘Block Cost’.

[2034] The first tab visible on the Formula Pricing window when it isopened is the ‘General Info’ tab, which shows pricing description, item,date ranges and Adjustment amount. This tab is where general informationfor this Formula Pricing is entered. The fields of the General Info pageinclude:

[2035] Pricing ID: Unique identifier for this Pricing. Generated by theSupply System. Non editable.

[2036] Description: Unique name for this Pricing. It shouldrepresentative of the type of Formula Pricing being completed, and willbe the primary method of identifying and retrieving the Pricing later.

[2037] Item: Item whose Price is being calculated. After the Pricinginformation is saved this field is grayed out, becoming non-editable.

[2038] Raw Material Pricing Date: The Coordinator/Supply Systemcalculates this date but it may be changed. The system will pick up thelast Monday used for the chosen item and calculate the next Monday.After entering this date or accepting the system generated one, theFormula Pricing date range is calculated as follows: The To Date iscalculated subtracting 3 days from Raw Material Pricing Date (Monday)which will give a Friday. Then 11 days are subtracted from this date tocalculate the From date (Friday). This date calculation may be changedby the IS Development staff

[2039] Cost Matrix Begin Date (and End Date): Cost Matrix Date periodassociated to this item Formula Pricing.

[2040] FOB Adjustment Amount: Upcharge or downcharge applied to formulacalculation.

[2041]FIG. 225 depicts the page 22500 displayed upon selecting thePricing Tab. After entering all of the information on ‘General Info’tab, the user will be now be able to move to the next tab ‘Pricing’.This tab is used to enter the prices of the raw materials for theFormula Pricing period.

[2042] The Date column includes the period dates excluding weekends.These dates can be modified. If the date exist in a previous pricing,the message window 22600 shown in FIG. 226 will pop up. If the useranswers yes, the prices for that date will be inserted into the currentFormula Pricing.

[2043] If there are more than one pricing with the same date, themessage window 22700 shown in FIG. 227 will appear. If the user answersyes, a selection window 22800, depicted in FIG. 228, will appear toallow selection of the pricing data that the user wants to copy over thecurrent pricing.

[2044] Some of the raw materials price is calculated based on othermaterials. The following is an illustrative list of these materials withtheir formulas.

[2045] Fresh Domestic 73% Trim:

[2046] (Fresh Domestic 75% Trim/75)×73

[2047] Fresh Domestic 80% Lean:

[2048] (Fresh Domestic 85% Trim/85)×80

[2049] Fresh Domestic 90% Lean:

[2050] (Fresh Domestic 90% Lean Blue+Fresh Domestic 90% Lean Yellow)/2

[2051] Lean Finely Textured Beef:

[2052] (Fresh Domestic 90% Lean×0.80 (or 0.82))

[2053]FIG. 229 is an illustration of the page 22900 displayed uponselection of the Freight Tab. The Freight tab shows the freight amountthat will be added to raw material per Supplier FOB. Preferably, theFreight tab is display only.

[2054]FIG. 230 is a depiction of the page 23000 displayed upon selectionof the Formulas Tab. This tab is also display only and it will show thedifferent formula values for each supplier. The columns of the FormulasTab page include:

[2055] Formula: Generic name of the formula, which include an acronymfor the supplier's name and a number.

[2056] Pct.: Percentage of raw material used in the formula.

[2057] Cost: Cost of raw material based on percentage (Price+Freight).

[2058] Total: Sum of all the costs in formula.

Formula Descriptions:

[2059] The following Table describes illustrative formulas. The freightamount, if any, is added to each raw material average market quote.TABLE 33 Company A Food Service: Raw Material Percentage Fresh Domestic50% Trim 31.200% Fresh Domestic 90% Lean 18.800% Imported Australian 90%Lean 40.000% Lean Finely Textured Beef 10.000%

[2060]FIG. 231 illustrates the page 23100 displayed upon selection ofthe Block Cost Tab. The Block Cost tab creates the FOB price based onthe previous tab calculations and the yield and margin. The columnsdisplayed include:

[2061] Formula: Formula short name (supplier).

[2062] Raw Material Cost: Total amount from previous tab.

[2063] Yield: Processing yield (inverse shrinkage). For example on AFS-1there is a 0.01 loss of material.

[2064] Block Cost: Calculated field. Raw Material Cost/Yield.

[2065] Margin: Supplier's markup.

[2066] FOB Price: Sum of Block Cost and Margin.

[2067] Include?: Specifies if the formula price will be used.

[2068]FIG. 232 is a depiction of the page 23200 displayed upon selectionof the Adjustments Tab. The final FOB Price may be modified using theAdjustments tab. The toolbar icons 23300, 23302 shown in FIG. 233 areused to insert or delete adjustments.

[2069] After the Formula Pricing is completed the user can print the RawMaterial Letter which describes the prices of the raw materials for thedifferent suppliers of the current Formula Pricing. To retrieve the RawMaterial Letter, the RM Letter icon 23400 is selected. See FIG. 234.

[2070]FIG. 235 illustrates the Formula Maintenance window 23500 that isused to modify or add new formulas. To open the Formula Maintenancewindow, the Formula Maintenance menu item 23600 is selected from theFormula Pricing submenu, as shown in FIG. 236.

[2071] The top portion of this window shows the formula's maininformation, including:

[2072] Formula ID: Unique identifier for each formula. Generated by theSupply System. Non editable.

[2073] Facility: FOB for each formula.

[2074] Description: Formula's unique name.

[2075] Short Name: Unique code for each formula. Used as a label inFormula Pricing main window.

[2076] The bottom portion of the window displays detailed information ofthe selected formula from the top.

[2077] Material Type: Raw materials used in the selected formula.

[2078] Begin Date: Starting date of formula percentage.

[2079] Percentage: Amount of raw material used to create a finisheditem. The sum of the percentage must total 100.

In Summary

[2080] The new technological infrastructure and its associatedelectronic reporting and feedback systems equips retailer managementwith accurate, timely, and previously unavailable information from theSupply Chain on sales, marketing and other performance indicators allowSupply Chain management to fully engage in managing supply anddistribution processes and channels toward identified and agreedstrategic objectives provide franchisees and retailers with the SupplyChain information they need to operate efficiently and make effectivemanagement decisions minimally impacts the resources of Supply Chainmanagement

[2081] With Supply Chain management assuming full responsibility formanaging the fundamentals of the Supply Chain system, Supply Chainparticipants are strategically positioned to focus on the six businesspriorities that have been identified: operational excellence, boostingsales growth, focusing resources, discovering the essence of the Brand,image transformation and revitalizing franchisee relations.

[2082] While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of a preferred embodiment shouldnot be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments, butshould be defined only in accordance with the following claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for risk management in a supply chainmanagement framework, comprising: a) appointing a supply chain managerfor at least one buying supply chain participant; b) authorizing thesupply chain manager to negotiate supply agreements for at least onegood on behalf of the at least one buying supply chain participant; c)entering into at least one supply agreement for the at least one good,wherein provisions of the supply agreement include: (i) pricing for eachone good shall be based upon factors including an actual market price ofat least one commodity when the supply chain manager has not establisheda commodity position price; and (ii) pricing for each one good shall bebased upon factors including a commodity position price of at least onecommodity when the supply chain manager has established a commodityposition price; and d) periodically establishing through the supplychain manager a commodity position price.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the supply chain manager is granted authority to negotiatesupply agreements for the at least one good on behalf of all buyingsupply chain participants.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the atleast one good is a raw material.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein theat least one good is a fully finished good.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein an actual market price of the at least one good is kept secretfrom the at least one buying supply chain participant.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein an identity of the at least one buying supply chainparticipant is kept secret from a supplier of the at least one good. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein each supply agreement is between thesupply chain manager on behalf of the at least one buying supply chainparticipant and a selling supply chain participant.
 8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the good is an at least partially finished good.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the determining includes analyzing datacollected from a plurality of supply chain participants relating to thesale of goods.
 10. A system for risk management in a supply chainmanagement framework, comprising: a) logic for appointing a supply chainmanager for at least one buying supply chain participant; b) logic forauthorizing the supply chain manager to negotiate supply agreements forat least one good on behalf of the at least one buying supply chainparticipant; c) logic for entering into at least one supply agreementfor the at least one good, wherein provisions of the supply agreementinclude: (i) pricing for each one good shall be based upon factorsincluding an actual market price of at least one commodity when thesupply chain manager has not established a commodity position price; and(ii) pricing for each one good shall be based upon factors including acommodity position price of at least one commodity when the supply chainmanager has established a commodity position price; and d) logic forperiodically establishing through the supply chain manager a commodityposition price.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the supply chainmanager is granted authority to negotiate supply agreements for the atleast one good on behalf of all buying supply chain participants. 12.The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one good is a raw material.13. The system of claim 10, wherein the at least one good is a fullyfinished good.
 14. The system of claim 10, wherein an actual marketprice of the at least one good is kept secret from the at least onebuying supply chain participant.
 15. The system of claim 10, wherein anidentity of the at least one buying supply chain participant is keptsecret from a supplier of the at least one good.
 16. The system of claim10, wherein each supply agreement is between the supply chain manager onbehalf of the at least one buying supply chain participant and a sellingsupply chain participant.
 17. A computer program product for riskmanagement in a supply chain management framework, comprising: a)computer code for appointing a supply chain manager for at least onebuying supply chain participant; b) computer code for authorizing thesupply chain manager to negotiate supply agreements for at least onegood on behalf of the at least one buying supply chain participant; c)computer code for entering into at least one supply agreement for the atleast one good, wherein provisions of the supply agreement include: (i)pricing for each one good shall be based upon factors including anactual market price of at least one commodity when the supply chainmanager has not established a commodity position price; and (ii) pricingfor each one good shall be based upon factors including a commodityposition price of at least one commodity when the supply chain managerhas established a commodity position price; and d) computer code forperiodically establishing through the supply chain manager a commodityposition price.
 18. The computer program product of claim 17, whereinthe supply chain manager is granted authority to negotiate supplyagreements for the at least one good on behalf of all buying supplychain participants.
 19. The computer program product of claim 17,wherein the at least one good is a raw material.
 20. The computerprogram product of claim 17, wherein the at least one good is a fullyfinished good.